GOLDPlus Paper (upload the citation once the paper is published):

Chen, Y., Du, X., Kuppa, A., Feitosa, M.F., Bielak, L.F., O'Connel, J.R., Musani, S.K., Guo, X., Kahali, B., Chen, V.L., Smith, A.V., Ryan, K.A., Eirksdottir, G., Allisom, M.A., Bowden, D.W., Budoff, M.J., Carr, J.J., Chen, Y.I., Taylor, K.D., Oliveri, A., Correa, A., ..., Speliotes, E.K. Genome-Wide Association Meta-analysis identifies 17 loci associated with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Nat Genet (2023).

In our study, we carried out a meta-analysis using METAL (PMID:20616382), which can quantify the association between a variant and the phenotype using sample size and direction of effect of a variant. This analysis does not provide an estimate of the beta and standard error relative to the effect allele. For this reason, the beta and the standard error were set equal to 1 for all the variants.