| Procedure | Indications | Risks |
| Cesarean Section | repeat, breech, arrest disorders, previa, suspected acreta, percreta, unstable lie, fetal distress | bleeding, infection trauma to pelvic organs including bowel, bladder, ureters, nerves, vessels, trauma to baby, need further surgery including hysterectomy and/or oophorectomy |
| Dilation and Currettage | missed ab, incomplete ab, retained products | bleeding, perforation resulting in infection trauma to pelvic organs including bowel, bladder, ureters, nerves, vessels, Asherman's syndrome, need for diagnostic laparoscopy if lateral perforation, need for additional surgery including hysterectomy if life threatening bleeding, retained abnormal tissue requiring further surgery |
| Placental removal | retained placenta | bleeding, infection, perforation resulting in trauma to pelvic organs including bowel, bladder, ureters, nerves, vessels, need for hysterectomy |
| Cerclage | incompetent cervix, cervical funneling | bleeding, infection, rupture of membranes, injury to cervix, failure |
| Forceps or vacuum extraction | protracted descent, maternal exhaustion, fetal distress, maternal need for short second stage | injury to birth canal tissues, trauma to baby, failure requiring cesarean section |
| Version | breech presentation | fetal distress resulting in need for urgent cesarean section, rupture of membranes, failure |
| LEEP | cervical dysplasia | bleeding, infection, cervical incompetence, cervical stenosis |
| Cone Biopsy | cervical dysplasia | bleeding, infection, cervical incompetence, cervical stenosis, need for further surgery |
| IUD Placement | contraception | bleeding, infection, perforation of uterus, infertility |
| LSTL | undesired fertility, permanent sterilization | bleeding, infection, trauma to pelvic organs including bowel, bladder, nerves, vessels, ureters, need for laparotomy, failure |
| Bartholins cyst excision | painful recurrent abcess, infection, persistent abcess | bleeding, return of abcess or cyst, need for further surgery |
| Breast biopsy | breast mass | bleeding, infection, need for further surgery |
| Hysteroscopy | bleeding | bleeding, infection, perforation of uterus, fluid overload |
| TAH | many reasons | bleeding, infection, trauma to pelvic organs including bowel, bladder, ureters, nerves, vessels, future prolapse |
| VH | many reasons | bleeding, infection, trauma to pelvic organs including bowel, bladder, ureters, nerves, vessels, future prolapse, vaginal diameter changes |
| Ex-Lap | many reasons | bleeding, infection, trauma to pelvic organs including bowel, bladder, ureters, nerves, vessels |
| Oophorectomy | mass | bleeding, infection, trauma to pelvic organs including bowel, bladder, ureters, nerves, vessels, ovarian remnant syndrome, possible staging laparotomy |
| Salpingectomy | mass, ectopic | bleeding, infection, trauma to pelvic organs including bowel, bladder, nerves, vessels, ureters, need for laparotomy |
| Diagnostic Laparoscopy | diagnostic | bleeding, infection, trauma to pelvic organs including bowel, bladder, nerves, vessels, ureters, need for laparotomy |
| Anterior Colporrhaphy | cystocele | bleeding, infection, trauma to bladder, urinary incontinence, inability to urinate requiring catheterization or further surgery |
| Posterior Colporrhaphy | rectocele | bleeding, infection, trauma to rectum and bowel, recurrence, dyspareunia |
| Enterocole Repair | enterocele | bleeding, infection, trauma to rectum and bowel, recurrence, dyspareunia |
| Sacrospinous Ligament Suspension | vaginal vault prolapse | bleeding, infection, traum to pelvic organs including bowel, bladder, ureters, nerves, vessels, incontinence, recurrence of prolapse |
| Colpocleisis | vaginal vault prolapse with undesired sexual function | bleeding, infection, trauma to pelvic organs including bowel, bladder, ureters, nerves, vessels, incontinence, recurrence of prolapse, inablility to have vaginal intercourse |
| Burch | urinary incontinence | bleeding, infection, trauma to pevlic organs including bowel, bladder, ureters, nerves, vessels, recurrence of incontinence, may require short tem self catheterization |
| Paravaginal repair | urinary incontinence | bleeding, infection trauma to pelvic organs including bowel, bladder, ureters, nerves, vessels, recurrence of incontinence, may require short term self catheterization |
| Oocyte retreival | infertility, ART | bleeding, infection, trauma to bowel, ovaries, inability to retrieve eggs |
| Surgical Staging | cancer, need for lymph node dissection | bleeding, infection, trauma to pelvic organs including bowel, bladder, nerves, vessels |
| Hysteroscopic resection | polyp,septum, fibroid | bleeding, infection, perforation of uterus, fluid overload, need for hysterectomy |
| Endometrial ablation | abnormal uterine bleeding | bleeding, infection, perforation of uterus, fluid overload, need for hysterectomy, damage to bowel, continued bleeding |
| Laser ablation of vulvar lesions | VIN | bleeding, infection, pain, tissue burns, return of VIN requiring further surgery |
| Vulvectomy | Pagets, VIN, cancer | bleeding, infection, pain, need for lymph node dissection, wound breakdown |
| Reconstructive tubal surgery | desired fertility with previous tubal ligation | bleeding, infection, infertility (failure) |
| Myomectomy | fibroid | bleeding, infection, trauma to pelvic organs including bowel, bladder, ureters, nerves, vessels, return of fibroids, need for hysterectomy |
| Abdominal Sacral Colpopexy | vaginal vault prolapse | bleeding, infection, trauma to pelvic organs including bowel, bladder, ureters, nerves, vessels, incontinence, recurrence of prolapse |
| Vesicovaginal fistulas | fistula | bleeding, infection, trauma to pelvic organs including bladder and ureter, failure of procedure |
| Rectovaginal fistulas | fistula | bleeding, infection, trauma to pelvic organs including rectum and bowel, failure of procedure |
| Pubovaginal sling | incontinence | bleeding, infection, trauma to pelvic organs including bowel, bladder, ureters, nerves, vessels, recurrent incontinence, 1-2% long term voiding dysfunction requiring catheterization |