Lecture Notes - Scalp, Cranial Cavity, Meninges & Brain

Lecture Notes - Scalp, Cranial Cavity, Meninges & Brain

The streaming video of the 2004-5 lab overview is available on the web (password protected).
The computer presentation used by Dr. Brzezinski in lecture is available on the web (password protected). You can also download the PowerPoint presentation to print or review.

Scalp:
Skin: hair, sweat and sebaceous glands, abundant blood supply.

Connective tissue: dense, rich in blood and nerve supply.

Aponeurosis(epicranial): occipitofrontalis muscle; important in scalp lacerations.

Loose areolar tissue: "dangerous area of the scalp"; emissary veins.

Pericranium: dense; cephalohematoma

Scalp vessels: external and internal carotid arteries.
Scalp nerves: Trigeminal (CN V) and C2-3.

Skull:
Calvaria (cranial vault): emissary foramina
Skull base: anterior, middle and posterior cranial fossae: fractures

Cranial meninges:
Dura mater: (external and internal layers), sensitive to pain; epidural / subdural hematoma; falx cerebri; tentorium cerebelli; falx cerebelli; venous sinuses.
Arachnoid mater: cerebrospinal fluid (CSF); subarachnoid bleeding.
Pia mater: closely applied to brain tissue.

Cranial Nerves:

Number Name Foramen Function

I Olfactory cribriform plate of ethmoid smell

II Optic optic canal vision

III Oculomotor superior orbital fissure eye muscles

IV Trochlear superior orbital fissure eye muscles

V Trigeminal (1) Ophthalmic: superior orbital fissure; (2) Maxillary: foramen rotundum; (3) mandibular: foramen ovale face sensation & mastication

VI Abducent superior orbital fissure eye muscles

VII Facial internal acoustic meatus face muscles; salivary & lacrimal glands

VIII Vestibulocochlear internal acoustic meatus hearing & balance

Number Name Foramen Function

IX Glossopharyngeal jugular canal (foramen) pharynx; tongue & parotid gland

X Vagus jugular canal pharynx, larynx & viscera

XI Accessory jugular canal neck muscles (Trapezius/sternocleidomastoid)

XII Hypoglossal hypoglossal canal tongue muscles

Venous Sinuses:
Superior sagittal sinus: arachnoid granulation; superior cerebral veins; subdural hematoma
Inferior sagittal sinus
Sinus rectus: great cerebral vein
Confluens of sinuses
Transverse sinus: inferior cerebral veins
Sigmoid sinus: internal jugular vein
Occipital sinus
Superior and Inferior petrosal sinuses
Cavernous sinus: Ophthalmic and middle cerebral veins; the III, IV, V1, V2 are in its lateral wall and contains VI, and internal carotid artery. Cavernous sinus thrombosis

Brain:
Subdivisions:
Cerebrum: 2 cerebral hemispheres; lobes: frontal, parietal, occipital, temporal, and insular
Diencephalon: Thalamus and hypothalamus
Brainstem: last 10 cranial nerves attached to it; midbrain (III, IV), pons (V, VI, VII, VIII), and medulla oblongata (IX, X, XI, XII)
Cerebellum: 2 cerebellar hemispheres

Ventricles & CSF:
2 Lateral ventricles: cerebral hemispheres
Third ventricle: in diencephalon
Cerebral Acqueduct (of Sylvius) & Fourth ventricle: in brain stem
Subarachnoid space: CSF: 100-120 ml

Arteries:
Vertebral & basilar
Internal carotid
Circle of Willis: subarachnoid bleeding

Number	Name	Foramen	Function
I	Olfactory	cribriform plate of ethmoid	smell
II	Optic	optic canal	vision
III	Oculomotor	superior orbital fissure	eye muscles
IV	Trochlear	superior orbital fissure	eye muscles
V	Trigeminal	(1) Ophthalmic: superior orbital fissure; (2) Maxillary: foramen rotundum; (3) mandibular: foramen ovale	face sensation & mastication
VI	Abducent	superior orbital fissure	eye muscles
VII	Facial	internal acoustic meatus	face muscles; salivary & lacrimal glands
VIII	Vestibulocochlear	internal acoustic meatus	hearing & balance

Number	Name	Foramen	Function
IX	Glossopharyngeal	jugular canal (foramen)	pharynx; tongue & parotid gland
X	Vagus	jugular canal	pharynx, larynx & viscera
XI	Accessory	jugular canal	neck muscles (Trapezius/sternocleidomastoid)
XII	Hypoglossal	hypoglossal canal	tongue muscles