Muscles of the Upper Limb - Listed Alphabetically
|
| Muscle |
Origin |
Insertion |
Action |
Innervation |
Artery |
Notes |
Image |
| abductor digiti minimi (hand) |
pisiform |
base of the proximal phalanx of the 5th digit on its ulnar side |
abducts the 5th digit |
deep branch of the ulnar nerve |
ulnar a. |
abductor digiti minimi, flexor digiti minimi brevis, and opponens digiti
minimi are located in the hypothenar compartment of the hand |
 |
| abductor pollicis brevis |
flexor retinaculum, scaphoid, trapezium |
base of the proximal phalanx of the first digit |
abducts thumb |
recurrent branch of median nerve |
superficial palmar br. of the radial a. |
abductor pollicis brevis, flexor pollicis brevis, and opponens pollicis are located in the thenar compartment of the hand (Latin, pollicis = the thumb) |
 |
| abductor pollicis longus |
middle one-third of the posterior surface of the radius, interosseous membrane,
mid-portion of posterolateral ulna |
radial side of the base of the first metacarpal |
abducts the thumb at carpometacarpal joint |
radial nerve, deep branch |
posterior interosseous a. |
the tendons of abductor pollicis longus and extensor pollicis brevis make the lateral border of the anatomical snuffbox (Latin, pollicis = the thumb) |
Image Not Available |
| adductor pollicis |
oblique head: capitate and base of the 2nd and 3rd metacarpals; transverse
head: shaft of the 3rd metacarpal |
base of the proximal phalanx of the thumb |
adducts the thumb |
ulnar nerve, deep branch |
deep palmar arterial arch |
deep palmar arch and deep ulnar nerve pass between the two heads of adductor pollicis, which is in the adductor-interosseous compartment (Latin, pollicis = the thumb) |
 |
| anconeus |
lateral epicondyle of the humerus |
lateral side of the olecranon and the upper one-fourth of the ulna |
extends the forearm |
nerve to anconeus, from the radial nerve |
interosseous recurrent a. |
(Greek, anconeus = elbow) |
Image Not Available |
| biceps brachii |
short head: tip of the coracoid process of the scapula; long head: supraglenoid
tubercle of the scapula |
tuberosity of the radius |
flexes the forearm, flexes arm (long head), supinates |
musculocutaneous nerve (C5,6) |
brachial a. |
a powerful supinator only if the elbow is flexed |
 |
| brachialis |
anterior surface of the lower one-half of the humerus and the associated
intermuscular septa |
coronoid process of the ulna |
flexes the forearm |
musculocutaneous nerve (C5,6) |
brachial a., radial recurrent a. |
a powerful flexor |
 |
| brachioradialis |
upper two-thirds of the lateral supracondylar ridge of the humerus |
lateral side of the base of the styloid process of the radius |
flexes the elbow, assists in pronation & supination |
radial nerve |
radial recurrent a. |
although brachioradialis is innervated by the nerve for extensors (radial),
its primary action is elbow flexion; the neutral position of this muscle is
half way between supination and pronation (elbow flexed, thumb up) |
Image Not Available |
| coracobrachialis |
coracoid process of the scapula |
medial side of the humerus at mid-shaft |
flexes and adducts the arm |
musculocutaneous nerve (C5,6) |
brachial a. |
the musculocutaneous nerve passes through the coracobrachialis muscle to
reach the other arm flexor mm.(biceps brachii and brachialis) |
 |
| deltoid |
lateral one-third of the clavicle, acromion, the lower lip of the crest
of the spine of the scapula |
deltoid tuberosity of the humerus |
abducts arm; anterior fibers flex & medially rotate the arm; posterior fibers
extend & laterally rotate the arm |
axillary nerve (C5,6) from the posterior cord of the brachial plexus |
posterior circumflex humeral a. |
the deltoid muscle is the principle abductor of the arm but due to poor
mechanical advantage it cannot initiate this action; it is assisted by the
supraspinatus m. |
 |
| dorsal interosseous (hand) |
four muscles, each arising from two adjacent metacarpal shafts |
base of the proximal phalanx and the extensor expansion on lateral side
of the 2nd digit, lateral & medial sides of the 3rd digit, and medial side
of the 4th digit |
flex the metacarpophalangeal joint, extend the proximal and distal interphalangeal
joints of digits 2-4, abduct digits 2-4 (abduction of digits in the hand is
defined as movement away from the midline of the 3rd digit) |
ulnar nerve, deep branch |
dorsal and palmar metacarpal aa. |
bipennate muscles; remember DAB & PAD - Dorsal interosseous mm. ABduct and Palmar interosseous mm. ADduct - then you can figure out where they must insert to cause these actions (Latin, inter = between + os = bone) |
 |
| extensor carpi radialis brevis |
common extensor tendon (lateral epicondyle of humerus) |
dorsum of the third metacarpal bone (base) |
extends the wrist; abducts the hand |
deep radial nerve |
radial a. |
works with the extensor carpi radialis longus and flexor carpi radialis in abduction of the hand (Greek, carpi= the wrist) |
 |
| extensor carpi radialis longus |
lower one-third of the lateral supracondylar ridge of the humerus |
dorsum of the second metacarpal bone (base) |
extends the wrist; abducts the hand |
radial nerve |
radial a. |
works with the extensor carpi radialis brevis and flexor carpi radialis in abduction of the hand (Greek, carpi= the wrist) |
 |
| extensor carpi ulnaris |
common extensor tendon & the middle one-half of the posterior border of
the ulna |
medial side of the base of the 5th metacarpal |
extends the wrist; adducts the hand |
deep radial nerve |
ulnar a. |
works with the flexor carpi ulnaris in adduction of the hand (Greek, carpi= the wrist) |
 |
| extensor digiti minimi |
common extensor tendon (lateral epicondyle of the humerus) |
joins the extensor digitorum tendon to the 5th digit and inserts into the
extensor expansion |
extends the metacarpophalangeal, proximal interphalangeal and distal interphalangeal
joints of the 5th digit |
deep radial nerve |
interosseous recurrent a. |
extensor digiti minimi appears to be the ulnar-most portion of extensor
digitorum |
 |
| extensor digitorum |
common extensor tendon (lateral epicondyle of the humerus) |
extensor expansion of digits 2-5 |
extends the metacarpophalangeal, proximal interphalangeal and distal interphalangeal
joints of the 2nd-5th digits; extends wrist |
deep radial nerve |
interosseous recurrent a. and posterior interosseous a. |
the extensor expansion inserts via a central band on the base of the middle
phalanx, while lateral & medial slips insert on the distal phalanx |
Image Not Available |
| extensor indicis |
interosseous membrane and the posterolateral surface of the distal ulna |
its tendon joins the tendon of the extensor digitorum to the second digit;
both tendons insert into the extensor expansion |
extends the index finger at the metacarpophalangeal, proximal interphalangeal
and distal interphalangeal joints |
deep radial nerve |
posterior interosseous a |
extensor indicis is a deep forearm extensor, whereas extensor digiti minimi
is in the superficial layer of extensors |
 |
| extensor pollicis brevis |
interosseous membrane and the posterior surface of the distal radius |
base of the proximal phalanx of the thumb |
extends the thumb at the metacarpophalangeal joint |
deep radial nerve |
posterior interosseous a |
the tendons of extensor pollicis brevis and abductor pollicis longus make the lateral border of the anatomical snuffbox, in which the radial arterial pulse can be felt (Latin, pollicis = the thumb) |
Image Not Available |
| extensor pollicis longus |
interosseous membrane and middle part of the posterolateral surface of the
ulna |
base of the distal phalanx of the thumb |
extends the thumb at the interphalangeal joint |
deep radial nerve |
posterior interosseous a |
the tendon of extensor pollicis longus hooks around the dorsal radial tubercle; it forms the medial border of the anatomical snuffbox, in which the radial arterial pulse can be felt (Latin, pollicis = the thumb) |
 |
| flexor carpi radialis |
common flexor tendon from the medial epicondyle of the humerus |
base of the second and third metacarpals |
flexes the wrist, abducts the hand |
median nerve |
ulnar a. |
works with the extensor carpi radialis longus and brevis mm. to abduct hand (Greek, carpi = the wrist) |
 |
| flexor carpi ulnaris |
common flexor tendon & (ulnar head) from medial border of olecranon & upper
2/3 of the posterior border of the ulna |
pisiform, hook of hamate, and base of 5th metacarpal |
flexes wrist, adducts hand |
ulnar nerve |
ulnar a. |
the ulnar nerve passes between the two heads of origin of the flexor carpi ulnaris m. (Greek, carpi = the wrist) |
 |
| flexor digiti minimi brevis (hand) |
hook of hamate & the flexor retinaculum |
proximal phalanx of the 5th digit |
flexes the carpometacarpal and metacarpophalangeal joints of the 5th digit |
ulnar nerve, deep branch |
ulnar a. |
flexor digiti minimi brevis, abductor digiti minimi, and opponens digiti
minimi are in the hypothenar compartment of the hand |
 |
| flexor digitorum profundus |
posterior border of the ulna, proximal two-thirds of medial border of ulna,
interosseous membrane |
base of the distal phalanx of digits 2-5 |
flexes the metacarpophalangeal, proximal interphalangeal and distal interphalangeal
joints |
median nerve (radial one-half); ulnar nerve (ulnar one-half) |
ulnar a., anterior interosseous a. |
ulnar nerve innervates the portion of profundus that acts on digits 4 &
5 (the ulnar 2 digits) |
 |
| flexor digitorum superficialis |
humeroulnar head: common flexor tendon; radial head: middle 1/3 of radius |
shafts of the middle phalanges of digits 2-5 |
flexes the metacarpophalangeal and proximal interphalangeal joints |
median nerve |
ulnar a. |
median nerve travels distally in the forearm on the deep surface of the
flexor digitorum superficialis m. |
 |
| flexor pollicis brevis |
flexor retinaculum, trapezium |
proximal phalanx of the 1st digit |
flexes the carpometacarpal and metacarpophalangeal joints of the thumb |
recurrent branch of the median nerve |
superficial palmar br. of the radial a. |
flexor pollicis brevis, abductor pollicis brevis, and opponens pollicis are the three muscles of the thenar compartment of the hand (Latin, pollicis = the thumb) |
 |
| flexor pollicis longus |
anterior surface of radius and interosseous membrane |
base of the distal phalanx of the thumb |
flexes the metacarpophalangeal and interphalangeal joints of the thumb |
median nerve |
anterior interosseous a. |
the tendon of flexor pollicis longus passes through the carpal tunnel with the other long digital flexor tendons and the median nerve (Latin, pollicis = the thumb) |
 |
| infraspinatus |
infraspinatous fossa |
greater tubercle of the humerus (middle facet) |
laterally rotates the arm |
suprascapular nerve |
suprascapular a. |
infraspinatus, supraspinatus, teres minor and subscapularis are the rotator
cuff muscles |
Image Not Available |
| interosseous, dorsal (hand) |
four muscles, each arising from two adjacent metacarpal shafts |
base of the proximal phalanx and the extensor expansion on lateral side
of the 2nd digit, lateral & medial sides of the 3rd digit, and medial side
of the 4th digit |
flex the metacarpophalangeal joint, extend the proximal and distal interphalangeal
joints of digits 2-4, abduct digits 2-4 (abduction of digits in the hand is
defined as movement away from the midline of the 3rd digit) |
ulnar nerve, deep branch |
dorsal and palmar metacarpal aa. |
bipennate muscles; remember DAB & PAD - Dorsal interosseous mm. ABduct and Palmar interosseous mm. ADduct - then you can figure out where they must insert to cause these actions (Latin, inter = between + os = bone) |
|
| interosseous, palmar |
four muscles, arising from the palmar surface of the shafts of metacarpals
1, 2, 4, & 5 (the 1st palmar interosseous is often fused with the adductor
pollicis m.) |
base of the proximal phalanx and extensor expansion of the medial side of
digits 1 & 2, and lateral side of digits 4 & 5 |
flexes the metacarpophalangeal, extends proximal and distal interphalangeal
joints and adducts digits 1, 2, 4, & 5 (adduction of the digits of the hand
is in reference to the midline of the 3rd digit) |
ulnar nerve, deep branch |
palmar metacarpal aa. |
unipennate muscles; remember PAD & DAB: Palmar interossei ADduct and Dorsal interossei ABduct, and you will be able to figure out where they must insert (Latin, inter = between + os = bone) |
|
| latissimus dorsi |
vertebral spines from T7 to the sacrum, posterior third of the iliac crest, lower 3 or 4 ribs, sometimes from the inferior angle of the scapula |
floor of the intertubercular groove |
extends the arm and rotates the arm medially |
thoracodorsal nerve (C7,8) from the posterior cord of the brachial plexus |
thoracodorsal a. |
the inserting tendon twists so that fibers originating highest insert lowest (Latin, latissimus = broadest) |
Image Not Available |
| levator scapulae |
transverse processes of C1-C4 vertebrae |
medial border of the scapula from the superior angle to the spine |
elevates the scapula |
dorsal scapular nerve (C5); the upper part of the muscle receives branches of C3 & C4 |
dorsal scapular a. |
levator scapulae is named for its action (Latin, levator = to lift) |
 |
| lumbrical (hand) |
flexor digitorum profundus tendons of digits 2-5 |
extensor expansion on the radial side of the proximal phalanx of digits
2-5 |
flex the metacarpophalangeal joints, extend the proximal and distal interphalangeal
joints of digits 2-5 |
median nerve (radial 2) via palmar digital nerves & ulnar nerve (ulnar 2)
via deep branch |
superficial palmar arterial arch |
lumbricals, arise from the profundus tendons and have the same pattern of innervation as does the profundus muscle (ulnar and median nn. split the task equally) (Latin, lumbricus = earthworm) |
 |
| opponens digiti minimi |
hook of hamate and flexor retinaculum |
shaft of 5th metacarpal |
opposes the 5th digit |
ulnar nerve, deep branch |
ulnar a. |
opposition is a rotational movement of the 5th metacarpal around the long
axis of its shaft; opponens digiti minimi, abductor digiti minimi, and flexor
digiti minimi brevis are in the hypothenar compartment of the hand
|
Image Not Available |
| opponens pollicis |
flexor retinaculum, trapezium |
shaft of 1st metacarpal |
opposes the thumb |
recurrent branch of median nerve |
superficial palmar branch of the radial a. |
opposition is a rotational movement of the 1st metacarpal around the long axis of its shaft; opponens pollicis, abductor pollicis brevis, and flexor pollicis brevis are in the thenar compartment of the hand (Latin, pollicis = the thumb) |
 |
| palmar interosseous |
four muscles, arising from the palmar surface of the shafts of metacarpals
1, 2, 4, & 5 (the 1st palmar interosseous is often fused with the adductor
pollicis m.) |
base of the proximal phalanx and extensor expansion of the medial side of
digits 1 & 2, and lateral side of digits 4 & 5 |
flexes the metacarpophalangeal, extends proximal and distal interphalangeal
joints and adducts digits 1, 2, 4, & 5 (adduction of the digits of the hand
is in reference to the midline of the 3rd digit) |
ulnar nerve, deep branch |
palmar metacarpal aa. |
unipennate muscles; remember PAD & DAB: Palmar interossei ADduct and Dorsal interossei ABduct, and you will be able to figure out where they must insert (Latin, inter = between + os = bone) |
|
| palmaris brevis |
fascia overlying the hypothenar eminence |
skin of the palm near the ulnar border of the hand |
draws the skin of the ulnar side of the hand toward the center of the palm |
superficial br. of the ulnar n. |
ulnar a. |
palmaris brevis improves the grasp |
Image Not Available |
| palmaris longus |
common flexor tendon, from the medial epicondyle of the humerus |
palmar aponeurosis |
flexes the wrist |
median nerve |
ulnar a. |
palmaris longus is absent in about 13% of forearms; it may be present on
one side only |
 |
| pectoralis major |
medial 1/2 of the clavicle, manubrium & body of sternum, costal cartilages
of ribs 2-6, sometimes from the rectus sheath of the upper abdominal wall |
crest of the greater tubercle of the humerus |
flexes and adducts the arm, medially rotates the arm |
medial and lateral pectoral nerves (C5-T1) |
pectoral branch of the thoracoacromial trunk |
the deep fascia on its anterior surface should not be fused to the fascia
of the mammary gland - if it is, this is an important clinical sign indicating
breast disease |
 |
| pectoralis minor |
ribs 3-5 |
coracoid process of the scapula |
draws the scapula forward, medialward, and downward |
medial pectoral nerve (C8, T1) |
pectoral branch of the thoracoacromial trunk |
branches of medial pectoral nerve usually pierce pectoralis minor to reach
the pectoralis major muscle |
 |
| pronator quadratus |
medial side of the anterior surface of the distal one-fourth of the ulna |
anterior surface of the distal one-fourth of the radius |
pronates the forearm |
median nerve via the anterior interosseous nerve |
anterior interosseous a. |
pronator quadratus is the deepest muscle in the distal forearm; it works
with pronator teres and has the same nerve supply |
 |
| pronator teres |
common flexor tendon and (deep or ulnar head) from medial side of coronoid
process of the ulna |
midpoint of the lateral side of the shaft of the radius |
pronates the forearm |
median nerve |
ulnar a., anterior ulnar recurrent a. |
median nerve passes between the two heads of origin of pronator teres |
 |
| rhomboideus major |
spines of vertebrae T2-T5 |
medial border of the scapula inferior to the spine of the scapula |
retracts, elevates and rotates the scapula inferiorly |
dorsal scapular nerve (C5) |
dorsal scapular a. |
named for its shape |
 |
| rhomboideus minor |
inferior end of the ligamentum nuchae, spines of vertebrae C7 and T1 |
medial border of the scapula at the root of the spine of the scapula |
retracts, elevates and rotates the scapula inferiorly |
dorsal scapular nerve (C5) |
dorsal scapular a |
named for its shape |
 |
| serratus anterior |
ribs 1-8 or 9 |
medial border of the scapula on its costal (deep) surface |
it draws the scapula forward; the inferior fibers rotate the scapula superiorly |
long thoracic nerve (from ventral rami C5-C7) |
lateral thoracic a. |
a lesion of long thoracic nerve will cause winging of the scapula (i.e., the medial border of the scapula falls away from the posterior chest wall and looks like an angel's wing) (Latin, serratus = to saw) |
 |
| serratus posterior inferior |
thoracolumbar fascia, spines of vertebrae T11-T12 and L1-L2 |
ribs 9-12, lateral to the angles |
pulls down lower ribs |
branches of the ventral primary rami of spinal nerves T9-T12 |
lowest posterior intercostal a., subcostal a., first two lumbar aa. |
a respiratory muscle, it receives ventral ramus innervation; embryonically related to the intercostal muscles, not the deep back mm. (Latin, serratus = to saw) |
 |
| serratus posterior superior |
ligamentum nuchae, spines of vertebrae C7 and T1-T3 |
ribs 1-4, lateral to the angles |
elevates the upper ribs |
branches of the ventral primary rami of spinal nerves T1-T4 |
posterior intercostal aa. 1-4 |
a respiratory muscle, it receives ventral ramus innervation; embryonically related to the intercostal muscles, not the deep back mm. (Latin, serratus = to saw) |
 |
| subclavius |
first rib and its cartilage |
inferior surface of the clavicle |
draws the clavicle (and hence the shoulder) down and forward |
nerve to subclavius (C5) |
clavicular br. of the thoracoacromial trunk |
it serves an important protective function - it cushions the subclavian
vessels from bone fragments in clavicular fractures |
Image Not Available |
| subscapularis |
medial two-thirds of the costal surface of the scapula (subscapular fossa) |
lesser tubercle of the humerus |
medially rotates the arm; assists extention of the arm |
upper and lower subscapular nerves (C5,6) |
subscapular a. |
subscapularis, supraspinatus, infraspinatus, and teres minor are the rotator
cuff muscles |
 |
| supinator |
lateral epicondyle of the humerus, supinator crest & fossa of the ulna,
radial collateral ligament, annular ligament |
lateral side of proximal one-third of the radius |
supinates the forearm |
deep radial nerve |
recurrent interosseous a. |
deep radial nerve passes through the supinator to reach the posterior compartment
of the forearm |
Image Not Available |
| supraspinatus |
supraspinatous fossa |
greater tubercle of the humerus (highest facet) |
abducts the arm (initiates abduction) |
suprascapular nerve (C5,6) from the superior trunk of the brachial plexus |
suprascapular a. |
supraspinatus initiates abduction of the arm, then the deltoid muscle completes
the action; a member of the rotator cuff group |
Image Not Available |
| teres major |
dorsal surface of the inferior angle of the scapula |
crest of the lesser tubercle of the humerus |
adducts the arm, medially rotates the arm, assists in arm extension |
lower subscapular nerve (C5,6) from the posterior cord of the brachial plexus |
circumflex scapular a. |
teres major inserts beside the tendon of latissimus dorsi, and assists latissimus
in its actions |
 |
| teres minor |
upper 2/3 of the lateral border of the scapula |
greater tubercle of the humerus (lowest facet) |
laterally rotates the arm |
axillary nerve (C5,6) from the posterior cord of the brachial plexus |
circumflex scapular a. |
fixes the head of the humerus in the glenoid fossa during abduction & flexion
of the arm; a member of the rotator cuff group |
 |
| trapezius |
medial third of the superior nuchal line, external occipital protuberance,
ligamentum nuchae, spinous processes of vertebrae C7-T12 |
lateral third of the clavicle, medial side of the acromion and the upper
crest of the scapular spine, tubercle of the scapular spine |
elevates and depresses the scapula (depending on which part of the muscle
contracts); rotates the scapula superiorly; retracts scapula |
motor: spinal accessory (XI), proprioception: C3-C4 |
transverse cervical a. |
named for its shape; trapezius is an example of a muscle that migrates during
development from its level of origin (cervical) to its final position, pulling
its nerve and artery along behind |
 |
| triceps brachii |
long head: infraglenoid tubercle of the scapula; lateral head: posterolateral
humerus & lateral intermuscular septum; medial head: posteromedial surface
of the inferior 1/2 of the humerus |
olecranon process of the ulna |
extends the forearm; the long head extends and adducts arm |
radial nerve |
deep brachial (profunda brachii) a. |
long head of the triceps separates the triangular and quadrangular spaces
(teres major, teres minor and the humerus are the other boundaries); all three
heads of origin insert by a common tendon |
 |
Muscles of the Head and Neck - Listed Alphabetically
|
| Muscle |
Origin |
Insertion |
Action |
Innervation |
Artery |
Notes |
Image |
| anterior scalene |
anterior tubercles of the transverse processes of vertebrae C3-C6 |
scalene tubercle of the first rib |
elevates the first rib; flexes and laterally bends the neck |
brachial plexus, C5-C7 |
ascending cervical a., a branch of the thyrocervical trunk |
a muscle of inspiration; an important landmark of the neck; it is located between the subclavian vein and the subclavian artery; the roots of the brachial plexus pass posterior to it; the phrenic nerve crosses its anterior surface (Greek, scalene = uneven) |
 |
| aryepiglottic |
apex (superior part) of the arytenoid cartilage |
epiglottis |
draws the epiglottis posteriorly and downward during swallowing |
inferior laryngeal nerve, from recurrent laryngeal nerve, a branch of the
of vagus (X) |
laryngeal br. of the superior thyroid a. |
the mucosa is raised by the underlying aryepiglottic m. to form the aryepiglottic
fold |
 |
| arytenoid, oblique |
muscular process of the arytenoid cartilage |
posterior surface of the contralateral arytenoid cartilage, near its apex |
draws arytenoid cartilages together, adducting the vocal folds |
inferior laryngeal nerve, from recurrent laryngeal nerve, a branch of the
of vagus (X) |
laryngeal br. of the superior thyroid a. |
the oblique arytenoid m. lies posterior to the transverse arytenoid m.; the arytenoideus is often considered to be one muscle with oblique and transverse fibers ( |
 |
| arytenoid, transverse |
posterior surface of the arytenoid cartilage |
posterior surface of the contralateral arytenoid cartilage |
draws arytenoid cartilages together, adducting the vocal folds |
inferior laryngeal nerve, from recurrent laryngeal nerve, a branch of the
vagus nerve (X) |
laryngeal br. of the superior thyroid a. |
the transverse arytenoid m.lies anterior to the oblique arytenoid m.; the
arytenoideus is often considered to be one muscle with oblique and transverse
parts |
 |
| auricular |
anterior: galea aponeurotica anterior to ear; superior: galea aponeurotica
superior to ear; posterior: mastoid process |
auricle anteriorly, superiorly and posteriorly |
wiggle the ears |
anterior & superior: temporal branches of facial nerve (VII); posterior:
posterior auricular branch of facial nerve (VII) |
superficial temporal a., posterior auricular a. |
the auricular muscles are derived from the mesenchyme of the second pharyngeal
arch, as are the muscles of facial expression |
Image Not Available |
| buccinator |
pterygomandibular raphe, mandible, and the maxilla lateral to the molar
teeth |
angle of mouth and the lateral portion of the upper and lower lips |
pulls the corner of mouth laterally; presses the cheek against the teeth |
buccal branches of the facial nerve (VII) |
facial a. |
although the buccinator is important in mastication, it is innervated by the buccal branch of the facial nerve and NOT by the buccal nerve from V3 (a sensory nerve) (Latin, buccinator = trumpeter) |
 |
| chondroglossus |
medial side of the lesser horn and body of the hyoid bone |
ascends to blend with the intrinsic tongue musculature |
pulls the sides of the tongue down |
hypoglossal nerve (XII) |
lingual a. |
chondroglossus is often considered to be part of the hyoglossus muscle |
 |
| ciliary |
meridional fibers: scleral spur; circular fibers: encircle the ciliary process |
meridional fibers: ciliary process; circular fibers: encircle the ciliary
process |
relaxes the suspensory ligament of the lens |
parasympathetic fibers in the oculomotor nerve (III), synapsing in the ciliary
ganglion |
ophthalmic a. |
relaxation of the suspensory ligament allows the lens to thicken for accommodation
(near vision) |
Image Not Available |
| constrictor, inferior pharyngeal |
oblique line of the thyroid cartilage, lateral surface of cricoid cartilage |
midline pharyngeal raphe |
constricts pharyngeal cavity |
vagus (X), via the pharyngeal plexus, with aid from the superior laryngeal
and recurrent laryngeal nerves |
ascending pharyngeal a., superior thyroid a., inferior thyroid a. |
the most external of the three pharyngeal constructor mm. |
Image Not Available |
| constrictor, middle pharyngeal |
lesser and greater horns of the hyoid bone and the inferior part of the
stylohyoid ligament |
midline pharyngeal raphe |
constricts the pharyngeal cavity |
vagus (X), via the pharyngeal plexus |
ascending pharyngeal a. |
of the three pharyngeal constrictors, this one is intermediate in both superior/inferior
position and depth |
Image Not Available |
| constrictor, superior pharyngeal |
medial pterygoid plate, pterygoid hamulus, pterygomandibular raphe, mylohyoid
line of mandible |
pharyngeal tubercle and midline pharyngeal raphe |
constricts the pharyngeal cavity |
vagus (X), via the pharyngeal plexus |
ascending pharyngeal a. |
the most internal of the three pharyngeal constructor mm. |
Image Not Available |
| corrugator |
medial part of the supercillary arch |
skin of the medial half of the eyebrow |
pulls eyebrows together medially |
temporal branch of the facial nerve (VII) |
supratrochlear a. |
this muscle causes the furrowed brow of the worried look (Latin, corrugator= to wrinkle) |
Image Not Available |
| cricoarytenoid, lateral |
arch of the cricoid cartilage |
muscular process of the arytenoid cartilage |
draws the muscular process of the arytenoid cartilage anteriorly, which
pivots the arytenoid cartilage and adducts the vocal folds |
inferior laryngeal nerve, from the recurrent laryngeal nerve, a branch of
the vagus nerve (X) |
superior laryngeal a., cricothyroid branch of the superior thyroid a. |
an antagonist of the posterior cricoarytenoid m.; the arteries that supply
the larynx anastomose within the larynx to supply the mucous membranes and
muscles |
 |
| cricoarytenoid, posterior |
posterior surface of the lamina of the cricoid cartilage |
muscular process of the arytenoid cartilage |
draws the muscular process posteriorly, which pivots the arytenoid cartilage
and abducts the vocal folds |
inferior laryngeal nerve, from the recurrent laryngeal nerve, a branch of
the vagus nerve (X) |
superior laryngeal a., cricothyroid branch of the superior thyroid a. |
the posterior cricoarytenoid is the only ABductor of the vocal folds; the
arteries that supply the larynx anastomose within the larynx to supply the
mucous membranes and muscles |
 |
| cricopharyngeus |
lateral surface of the cricoid cartilage |
midline pharyngeal raphe |
constricts the pharyngeal cavity and the entrance to the esophagus |
recurrent laryngeal nerve, a branch of the vagus nerve (X) |
cricothyroid branch of the superior thyroid a., ascending pharyngeal a. |
cricopharyngeus represents the lowest fibers of the inferior pharyngeal
constrictor; it is continuous with the esophagus below and marks the beginning
of it |
 |
| cricothyroid |
arch of the cricoid cartilage |
inferior border of the thyroid cartilage |
draws the thyroid cartilage forward, lengthening the vocal ligaments |
external branch of superior laryngeal nerve, a branch of the vagus nerve
(X) |
cricothyroid branch of the superior thyroid a. |
this is the only intrinsic muscle of the larynx that is not supplied by
the recurrent laryngeal n.; ALL other laryngeal muscles are innervated by recurrent
laryngeal nerve, via its inferior laryngeal branch |
 |
| depressor anguli oris |
oblique line of the mandible |
angle of the mouth |
pulls the corner of the mouth downward |
marginal mandibular & buccal branches of the facial nerve (VII) |
inferior labial branch of the facial a., mental a. |
a "frown" muscle |
Image Not Available |
| depressor labii inferioris |
anterior surface of the mandible |
skin of the lower lip |
depresses the lower lip |
marginal mandibular branch of the facial nerve (VII) |
inferior labial branch of the facial a., mental a. |
this muscle is used to bare the lower incisor teeth |
Image Not Available |
| depressor septi |
maxilla near the midline above the incisor teeth |
nasal septum |
depresses the nasal septum; involved in flaring the nostrils |
buccal branch of facial nerve (VII) |
superior labial branch of the facial a. |
depressor septi is considered a part of the nasalis m. |
Image Not Available |
| digastric |
anterior belly: digastric fossa of the mandible; posterior belly: mastoid
notch of the temporal bone |
body of the hyoid via a fibrous loop over an intermediate tendon |
elevates the hyoid bone; depresses the mandible |
anterior belly: mylohyoid nerve, from the mandibular division of the trigeminal
nerve (V); posterior belly: facial nerve (VII) |
anterior belly: submental a.; posterior belly: occipital a. |
the digastric m. forms two sides of the submandibular triangle; it is formed
from mesenchyme derived from the first two pharyngeal arches, hence its dual
innervation |
 |
| dilator pupillae |
outer margin of iris |
inner margin of iris |
dilates the pupil |
sympathetic fibers via short ciliary nerves, synapsing in superior cervical
sympathetic ganglion |
ophthalmic a. |
none |
Image Not Available |
| epicranius |
frontalis: galea aponeurotica; occipitalis: superior nuchal line |
frontalis: skin of the eyebrows; occipitalis: galea aponeurotica |
elevates the eyebrows and wrinkles the forehead |
frontalis: temporal branches of the facial nerve (VII); occipitalis: posterior
auricular branch of the facial nerve (VII) |
frontalis: supraorbital and supratrochlear aa.; occipitalis: occipital a.
|
the frontalis and occipitalis muscles are two bellies of the epicranius
muscle; also known as: occipitofrontalis m. |
Image Not Available |
| frontalis |
galea aponeurotica |
skin of the eyebrow |
elevates the eyebrows and wrinkles the forehead |
temporal branches of the facial nerve (VII) |
supraorbital and supratrochlear aa. |
frontalis is the anterior belly of the epicranius muscle |
Image Not Available |
| genioglossus |
mental spine on the inner aspect of the mental symphysis |
fans out to insert into the tongue from the tip to the base |
protrudes the tongue (inferior fibers); depresses tongue (middle fibers) |
hypoglossal nerve (XII) |
lingual a. |
an extrinsic muscle of the tongue; XII innervates all tongue muscles except
palatoglossus [innervated by vagus (X), as are most of the palate and pharynx
muscles]; genioglossus is used to test the function of cranial nerve XII |
 |
| geniohyoid |
mental spines of the mandible |
body of the hyoid bone |
elevates the hyoid bone; depresses the mandible |
ventral primary ramus of spinal nerve C1 via fibers carried by the hypoglossal
nerve |
lingual a., submental a. |
thyrohyoid and geniohyoid receive ansa cervicalis fibers that travel with
the hypoglossal nerve distal to the superior limb of the ansa cervicalis |
 |
| hyoglossus |
upper border of the greater horn of the hyoid and body of the hyoid bone |
spreads out into the intrinsic muscles of the tongue |
depresses the sides of the tongue; retracts the tongue |
hypoglossal nerve (XII) |
lingual a. |
an extrinsic muscle of the tongue |
 |
| inferior oblique |
floor of the orbit lateral to the lacrimal groove |
sclera on the inferior surface of the eyeball |
elevates and abducts the corneal part of the eye; rotates the superior pole
of the iris laterally; when the eye is adducted, this muscle elevates the cornea |
oculomotor nerve (III), inferior division |
ophthalmic a. |
clinicians examining the eye will ask the patient to look toward the bridge
of the nose to test the function of this muscle |
Image Not Available |
| inferior pharyngeal constrictor |
oblique line of the thyroid cartilage, lateral surface of cricoid cartilage |
midline pharyngeal raphe |
constricts pharyngeal cavity |
vagus (X), via the pharyngeal plexus, with aid from the superior laryngeal
and recurrent laryngeal nerves |
ascending pharyngeal a., superior thyroid a., inferior thyroid a. |
the most external of the three pharyngeal constructor mm. |
Image Not Available |
| inferior rectus |
common tendinous ring at the apex of the orbit |
sclera on the inferior surface of the eyeball |
depresses and adducts the corneal part of the eyeball; rotates the superior
pole of the iris laterally |
oculomotor nerve (III), inferior division |
ophthalmic a. |
because this muscle approaches the eyeball from a medial direction, it has
a rotational action on the iris |
Image Not Available |
| lateral cricoarytenoid |
arch of the cricoid cartilage |
muscular process of the arytenoid cartilage |
draws the muscular process of the arytenoid cartilage anteriorly, which
pivots the arytenoid cartilage and adducts the vocal folds |
inferior laryngeal nerve, from the recurrent laryngeal nerve, a branch of
the vagus nerve (X) |
superior laryngeal a., cricothyroid branch of the superior thyroid a. |
an antagonist of the posterior cricoarytenoid m.; the arteries that supply
the larynx anastomose within the larynx to supply the mucous membranes and
muscles |
|
| lateral pterygoid |
superior head: greater wing of the sphenoid bone; inferior head: lateral
surface of the lateral pterygoid plate |
superior head: capsule and & articular disk of the temporomandibular joint;
inferior head: neck of the mandible |
protracts the mandible; opens the mouth; active in grinding actions of chewing |
lateral pterygoid branch of the mandibular division of the trigeminal nerve
(V) |
pterygoid branch of the maxillary a. |
the only one of the muscles of mastication that opens the mouth; the superior head of lateral pterygoid is sometimes called sphenomeniscus due to its insertion into the disc of the temporomandibular joint (Greek, pterygoid = wing-shaped) |
Image Not Available |
| lateral rectus |
common tendinous ring at the apex of the orbit |
sclera on the lateral surface of the eyeball |
abducts the corneal part of the eyeball |
abducens nerve (VI) |
ophthalmic a. |
loss of function of the abducens nerve will cause the eye to be abducted |
Image Not Available |
| levator anguli oris |
canine fossa of the maxilla |
angle (corner) of the mouth |
elevates the angle of the mouth |
buccal branch of the facial nerve (VII) |
infraorbital a., superior labial branch of the facial a. |
a "smile" muscle |
Image Not Available |
| levator labii superioris |
inferior margin of the orbit |
skin of the upper lip |
elevates the upper lip |
buccal branch of the facial nerve (VII) |
infraorbital a., superior labial branch of the facial a. |
levator labii superioris is used to bare the upper incisor teeth, as in a sneer (Latin, levator = to lift + labial = lips) |
Image Not Available |
| levator labii superioris alaque nasi |
frontal process of the maxilla |
ala of the nose and skin of the upper lip |
elevates the upper lip and flares the nostril |
buccal branch of the facial nerve (VII) |
infraorbital a., superior labial branch of the facial a. |
(Latin, levator = to lift + labial = lips) |
Image Not Available |
| levator palpebrae superioris |
apex of the orbit above the optic canal |
skin and fascia of upper eyelid and the superior tarsal plate |
elevates the upper eyelid |
oculomotor nerve (III) and sympathetics (to the superior tarsal portion) |
ophthalmic a. |
fibers inserting into the superior tarsal plate are called superior tarsal muscle and are smooth muscle; lesion of the sympathetic supply causes slight ptosis (drooping of the eyelid) (Latin, levator = to lift + palpebrae = eyelid) |
Image Not Available |
| levator scapulae |
transverse processes of C1-4 vertebrae |
medial border of the scapula from the superior angle to the spine |
elevates scapula |
dorsal scapular nerve (C5); the upper part of the muscle receives branches
of C3 & C4 spinal nerves |
dorsal scapular a. |
named for its action (Latin, levator = to lift) |
|
| levator veli palatini |
apex of the petrous part of the temporal bone and the medial surface of
the auditory tube cartilage |
muscles and fascia of the soft palate; palatine aponeurosis |
elevates the soft palate |
vagus nerve (X) via the pharyngeal plexus |
ascending pharyngeal a. |
a derivative of the fourth pharyngeal arch (Latin, levator = to lift) |
 |
| linguae, longitudinalis |
within tongue |
within tongue near the apex |
shapes the tongue for speech and mastication |
hypoglossal nerve (XII) |
lingual a. |
an intrinsic muscle of the tongue; longitudinalis has superior and inferior
subdivisions that span the length of the tongue |
Image Not Available |
| linguae, transversus |
within tongue |
within tongue |
compresses the sides of the tongue; shapes the tongue for speech and mastication |
hypoglossal nerve (XII) |
lingual a. |
an intrinsic muscle of the tongue whose fibers run transversely |
 |
| linguae, verticalis |
within tongue |
within tongue |
shapes the tongue for speech and mastication |
hypoglossal nerve (XII) |
lingual a. |
an intrinsic muscle of the tongue whose fibers run superoinferiorly |
Image Not Available |
| longus capitis |
anterior tubercles of vertebrae C3-6 |
basilar portion of the occipital bone |
flex the head and neck |
cervical plexus, ventral primary rami of spinal nerves C1-4 |
deep cervical a. |
none |
 |
| longus colli |
anterior tubercles and anterior surfaces of the bodies of vertebrae C3-T3 |
anterior arch of atlas, anterior tubercles of C5-6, anterior surfaces of
bodies of vertebrae C2-4 |
flex neck, rotate and laterally bend neck |
cervical and brachial plexus, C2-7 |
deep cervical a. |
none |
 |
| masseter |
zygomatic arch and zygomatic bone |
lateral surface of the ramus and angle of the mandible |
elevates the mandible |
nerve to the masseter, from the mandibular division of the trigeminal nerve
(V) |
masseteric branch of the maxillary a. |
(Greek, masseter = the chewer) |
 |
| medial pterygoid |
medial surface of the lateral pterygoid plate, pyramidal process of the
palatine bone, tuberosity of the maxilla |
medial surface of the ramus and angle of the mandible |
elevates and protracts the mandible |
medial pterygoid branch of the mandibular division of the trigeminal nerve
(V) |
pterygoid branch of the maxillary a. |
this muscle mirrors the masseter m. in position and action with the ramus of the mandible between the two mm. (Greek, pterygoid = wing-shaped) |
Image Not Available |
| medial rectus |
common tendinous ring at the apex of the orbit |
sclera on the medial surface of the eyeball |
adducts the corneal part of the eyeball |
oculomotor nerve (III) (inferior division) |
ophthalmic a. |
this muscle directly opposes the action of the lateral rectus m. |
Image Not Available |
| mentalis |
anterior surface of the mandible near the mental symphysis (midline) |
skin of the chin |
elevates the lower lip and skin of chin |
marginal mandibular branch of the facial nerve (VII) |
mental a., inferior labial branch of the facial a. |
|
 |
| middle pharyngeal constrictor |
lesser and greater horns of the hyoid bone and the inferior part of the
stylohyoid ligament |
midline pharyngeal raphe |
constricts the pharyngeal cavity |
vagus (X), via the pharyngeal plexus |
ascending pharyngeal a. |
of the three pharyngeal constrictors, this one is intermediate in both superior/inferior
position and depth |
Image Not Available |
| middle scalene |
posterior tubercles of the transverse processes of vertebrae C2-C7 |
upper surface of the first rib behind the subclavian artery |
elevates the first rib; flexes and laterally bends the neck |
brachial plexus, C3-C8 |
ascending cervical a. |
a muscle of respiration (inspiratory); also called scalenus medius; penetrated by the dorsal scapular n. and long thoracic n. (Greek, scalene = uneven) |
 |
| musculus uvulae |
posterior nasal spine |
mucosa of the uvula |
shortens the uvula |
vagus nerve (X) via pharyngeal plexus |
lesser palatine a. |
the soft palate and uvula resist the upward pressure of the tongue during
swallowing |
 |
| mylohyoid |
mylohyoid line of mandible |
midline raphe and body of the hyoid bone |
elevates the hyoid bone and the tongue; depresses the mandible |
mylohyoid nerve from the inferior alveolar nerve, a branch of the mandibular
division of the trigeminal nerve (V) |
mylohyoid branch of the inferior alveolar a. |
the nerve to mylohyoid also innervates the anterior belly of digastric m.;
both muscles are derivatives of the second pharygneal arch |
 |
| nasalis |
maxilla above the incisor teeth and the canine teeth |
ala of the nose and midline aponeurosis |
flattens the nose, flare the nostrils |
buccal branch of the facial nerve (VII) |
superior labial branch of the facial a. |
nasalis has two subsidiary parts: nasalis pars alaris and pars transversa |
 |
| nasalis pars alaris |
maxilla above the canine teeth |
ala of the nose |
flares the nostrils |
buccal branch of facial nerve (VII) |
superior labial branch of the facial a. |
a subdivision of the nasalis m. (Latin, pars = a part) |
 |
| nasalis pars transversa |
maxilla above the incisor teeth |
midline aponeurosis |
flattens the nose |
buccal branch of facial nerve (VII) |
superior labial branch of the facial a. |
a subdivision of the nasalis m. (Latin, pars = a part) |
 |
| oblique arytenoid |
muscular process of the arytenoid cartilage |
posterior surface of the contralateral arytenoid cartilage, near its apex |
draws arytenoid cartilages together, adducting the vocal folds |
inferior laryngeal nerve, from recurrent laryngeal nerve, a branch of the
of vagus (X) |
laryngeal br. of the superior thyroid a. |
the oblique arytenoid m. lies posterior to the transverse arytenoid m.;
the arytenoideus is often considered to be one muscle with oblique and transverse
fibers |
|
| oblique, inferior |
floor of the orbit lateral to the lacrimal groove |
sclera on the inferior surface of the eyeball |
elevates and abducts the corneal part of the eye; rotates the superior pole
of the iris laterally; when the eye is adducted, this muscle elevates the cornea |
oculomotor nerve (III), inferior division |
ophthalmic a. |
clinicians examining the eye will ask the patient to look toward the bridge
of the nose to test the function of this muscle |
Image Not Available |
| oblique, superior |
apex of the orbit above the optic canal |
sclera on the posterior superior surface of the eyeball |
depresses and abducts the eyeball; rotates the superior pole of the iris
medially |
trochlear nerve (IV) |
ophthalmic a. |
passes through a fibrocartilagenous pulley known as the trochlea; when the
eye is adducted, this muscle moves the cornea inferiorly |
Image Not Available |
| occipitalis |
superior nuchal line |
galea aponeurotica |
pulls the scalp posteriorly; elevates the eyebrows |
posterior auricular branch of the facial nerve (VII) |
occipital a. |
occipitalis is the posterior belly of the epicranius muscle |
Image Not Available |
| occipitofrontalis |
frontalis: galea aponeurotica; occipitalis: superior nuchal line |
frontalis: skin of the eyebrows; occipitalis: galea aponeurotica |
elevates the eyebrows and wrinkles the forehead |
frontalis: temporal branches of the facial nerve (VII); occipitalis: posterior
auricular branch of the facial nerve (VII) |
frontalis: supraorbital and supratrochlear aa.; occipitalis: occipital a.
|
the frontalis and occipitalis muscles are two bellies of the occipitofrontalis
muscle; also known as: epicranius m. |
Image Not Available |
| omohyoid |
inferior belly: upper border of the scapula medial to the scapular notch;
superior belly: intermediate tendon |
inferior belly: intermediate tendon; superior belly: lower border of the
hyoid bone lateral to the sternohyoid insertion |
depresses/stabilizes the hyoid bone |
ansa cervicalis |
transverse cervical a. |
the intermediate tendon of omohyoid is tethered to the clavicle by a fascial
sling |
Image Not Available |
| orbicularis oculi |
orbital part: medial orbital margin and the medial palpebral ligament; palpebral
part: medial palpebral ligament |
orbital part: skin of the lateral cheek; palpebral part: lateral palpebral
raphe |
closes the eyelids |
temporal & zygomatic branches of the facial nerve (VII) |
supraorbital a., supratrochlear a., infraorbital a., angular branch of the
facial a. |
activated involuntarily in the blink reflex; the palpebral part is active
in normal blinking and the orbital part is used to forcefully close the eye |
 |
| orbicularis oris |
skin and fascia of lips and the area surrounding the lips |
skin and fascia of the lips |
purses the lips |
buccal branch of the facial nerve (VII) |
superior and inferior labial branches of the facial a., mental a., infraorbital
a. |
the "kissing" muscle |
 |
| palatoglossus |
palatine aponeurosis |
side of the tongue, entering it from above |
elevates and retracts the tongue |
vagus nerve (X) via the pharyngeal plexus |
tonsilar branch of the facial a., ascending pharyngeal a. |
although palatoglossus sounds like a tongue muscle (and would therefore
be innervated by XII), it is a palatal muscle innervated by X |
 |
| palatopharyngeus |
posterior margin of the bony palate and the palatine aponeurosis |
posterior wall of the pharynx and the posterior margin of the thyroid cartilage |
elevates the larynx |
vagus nerve (X) via pharyngeal plexus |
ascending pharyngeal a. |
palatopharyngeus is part of the inner longitudinal muscle layer of the pharynx |
 |
| platysma |
fascia overlying the pectoralis major and deltoid muscles |
inferior border of the mandible and skin of lower face |
draws the corners of the mouth down; it aids in depression of the mandible |
cervical branch of the facial nerve (VII) |
facial a. |
platysma is derived from the mesenchyme of the second pharyngeal arch (Greek, platysma = a flat plate) |
Image Not Available |
| posterior cricoarytenoid |
posterior surface of the lamina of the cricoid cartilage |
muscular process of the arytenoid cartilage |
draws the muscular process posteriorly, which pivots the arytenoid cartilage
and abducts the vocal folds |
inferior laryngeal nerve, from the recurrent laryngeal nerve, a branch of
the vagus nerve (X) |
superior laryngeal a., cricothyroid branch of the superior thyroid a. |
the posterior cricoarytenoid is the only ABductor of the vocal folds; the
arteries that supply the larynx anastomose within the larynx to supply the
mucous membranes and muscles |
|
| posterior scalene |
posterior tubercles of the transverse processes of vertebrae C5-C7 |
lateral surface of the second rib |
elevates the second rib; flexes and laterally bends the neck |
brachial plexus, C7-C8 |
ascending cervical a. |
a muscle of respiration (inspiratory); it is the longest of the scalene muscles (Greek, scalene = uneven) |
 |
| procerus |
nasal bone |
skin between the eyebrows |
depresses the medial corners of the eyebrows |
temporal branch of the facial nerve (VII) |
supratrochlear a. |
(Latin, procerus = long and streched out) |
 |
| pterygoid, lateral |
superior head: greater wing of the sphenoid bone; inferior head: lateral
surface of the lateral pterygoid plate |
superior head: capsule and & articular disk of the temporomandibular joint;
inferior head: neck of the mandible |
protracts the mandible; opens the mouth; active in grinding actions of chewing |
lateral pterygoid branch of the mandibular division of the trigeminal nerve
(V) |
pterygoid branch of the maxillary a. |
the only one of the muscles of mastication that opens the mouth; the superior head of lateral pterygoid is sometimes called sphenomeniscus due to its insertion into the disc of the temporomandibular joint (Greek, pterygoid = wing-shaped) |
Image Not Available |
| pterygoid, medial |
medial surface of the lateral pterygoid plate, pyramidal process of the
palatine bone, tuberosity of the maxilla |
medial surface of the ramus and angle of the mandible |
elevates and protracts the mandible |
medial pterygoid branch of the mandibular division of the trigeminal nerve
(V) |
pterygoid branch of the maxillary a. |
this muscle mirrors the masseter m. in position and action with the ramus of the mandible between the two mm. (Greek, pterygoid = wing-shaped) |
Image Not Available |
| pupillae, dilator |
outer margin of iris |
inner margin of iris |
dilates the pupil |
sympathetic fibers via short ciliary nerves, synapsing in superior cervical
sympathetic ganglion |
ophthalmic a. |
none |
Image Not Available |
| pupillae, sphincter |
encircles iris |
encircles iris |
constricts the pupil |
parasympathetic fibers of oculomotor nerve (III), synapsing in ciliary ganglion |
ophthalmic a. |
none |
Image Not Available |
| rectus capitis anterior |
lateral mass of atlas |
basilar portion of occipital bone |
flexes the head |
ventral primary ramus of spinal nerve C1 |
deep cervical a. |
none |
 |
| rectus capitis lateralis |
transverse process of atlas |
occipital bone anterolateral to foramen magnum |
laterally bends the head |
ventral primary ramus of spinal nerve C1 |
deep cervical a. |
none |
 |
| rectus, inferior |
common tendinous ring at the apex of the orbit |
sclera on the inferior surface of the eyeball |
depresses and adducts the corneal part of the eyeball; rotates the superior
pole of the iris laterally |
oculomotor nerve (III), inferior division |
ophthalmic a. |
because this muscle approaches the eyeball from a medial direction, it has
a rotational action on the iris |
Image Not Available |
| rectus, lateral |
common tendinous ring at the apex of the orbit |
sclera on the lateral surface of the eyeball |
abducts the corneal part of the eyeball |
abducens nerve (VI) |
ophthalmic a. |
loss of function of the abducens nerve will cause the eye to be abducted |
Image Not Available |
| rectus, medial |
common tendinous ring at the apex of the orbit |
sclera on the medial surface of the eyeball |
adducts the corneal part of the eyeball |
oculomotor nerve (III) (inferior division) |
ophthalmic a. |
this muscle directly opposes the action of the lateral rectus m. |
Image Not Available |
| rectus, superior |
common tendinous ring at the apex of the orbit |
sclera on the superior surface of the eyeball |
elevates and adducts the eyeball; rotates the superior pole of the iris
medially |
oculomotor nerve (III), superior division |
ophthalmic a. |
because this muscle approaches the eye from a medial position, it causes
the iris to rotate medially |
Image Not Available |
| risorius |
fascia of the lateral cheek |
skin of the angle (corner) of the mouth |
draws the corner of the mouth laterally |
buccal branches of the facial nerve (VII) |
transverse facial a., facial a. |
risorius is active in expressions of mirth (Latin, risorius = to laugh) |
 |
| salpingopharyngeus |
inferior surface of the anteromedial end of the auditory tube cartilage |
pharyngeal wall and superior border of the thyroid cartilage along with
the palatopharyngeus m. |
elevates the larynx |
vagus nerve (X) via the pharyngeal plexus |
ascending pharyngeal a. |
like other muscles of the pharyngeal wall, salpingopharyngeus is derived
from the fourth pharyngeal arch |
 |
| scalene, anterior |
anterior tubercles of the transverse processes of vertebrae C3-C6 |
scalene tubercle of the first rib |
elevates the first rib; flexes and laterally bends the neck |
brachial plexus, C5-C7 |
ascending cervical a., a branch of the thyrocervical trunk |
a muscle of inspiration; an important landmark of the neck; it is located between the subclavian vein and the subclavian artery; the roots of the brachial plexus pass posterior to it; the phrenic nerve crosses its anterior surface (Greek, scalene = uneven) |
|
| scalene, middle |
posterior tubercles of the transverse processes of vertebrae C2-C7 |
upper surface of the first rib behind the subclavian artery |
elevates the first rib; flexes and laterally bends the neck |
brachial plexus, C3-C8 |
ascending cervical a. |
a muscle of respiration (inspiratory); also called scalenus medius; penetrated by the dorsal scapular n. and long thoracic n. (Greek, scalene = uneven) |
|
| scalene, posterior |
posterior tubercles of the transverse processes of vertebrae C5-C7 |
lateral surface of the second rib |
elevates the second rib; flexes and laterally bends the neck |
brachial plexus, C7-C8 |
ascending cervical a. |
a muscle of respiration (inspiratory); it is the longest of the scalene muscles (Greek, scalene = uneven) |
|
| sphenomeniscus |
greater wing of the sphenoid |
capsule and articular disk of the temporomandibular joint |
pulls the articular disk forward in opening of the mouth |
lateral pterygoid branch of mandibular division of trigeminal nerve (V) |
pterygoid branch of the maxillary a. |
sphenomeniscus is another name for the superior belly of the lateral pterygoid
m. |
Image Not Available |
| sphincter pupillae |
encircles iris |
encircles iris |
constricts the pupil |
parasympathetic fibers of oculomotor nerve (III), synapsing in ciliary ganglion |
ophthalmic a. |
none |
Image Not Available |
| splenius |
ligamentum nuchae and spines C7-T6 |
capitis: mastoid process & superior nuchal line laterally; cervicis: posterior
tubercles of C1-3 |
extends and laterally bends neck and head; rotates head to same side |
dorsal primary rami of spinal nerves C2-6 |
supplied segmentally by: deep cervical a., posterior intercostal aa. |
it gets its name from its broad, flat shape (Greek, splenius = a bandage) |
 |
| stapedius |
walls of the pyramidal eminence |
neck of the stapes |
dampens vibration of the stapes |
facial nerve (VII) |
anterior tympanic a. |
entirely enclosed in bone, except for its tendon; a derivative of the second pharyngeal arch |
 |
| sternocleidomastoid |
sternal head: anterior surface of the manubrium; clavicular head: medial
1/3rd of the clavicle |
mastoid process and lateral 1/2 of the superior nuchal line |
draws the mastoid process down toward the same side which causes the chin
to turn up toward the opposite side; acting together, the muscles of the two
sides flex the neck |
spinal accessory nerve (XI), with sensory supply from C2 & C3 (for proprioception) |
sternocleidomastoid branch of the occipital a. |
carotid sheath structures lie deep to it |
Image Not Available |
| sternohyoid |
posterior surfaces of both the manubrium and sternal end of the clavicle |
lower border of the hyoid bone, medial to the omohyoid m. insertion |
depresses/stabilizes the hyoid bone |
ansa cervicalis |
superior thyroid a. |
sternohyoid overlies the sternothyroid and thyrohyoid mm. |
Image Not Available |
| sternothyroid |
posterior surface of the manubrium below the origin of the sternohyoid m. |
oblique line of the thyroid cartilage |
depresses/stabilizes the hyoid bone |
ansa cervicalis |
superior thyroid a. |
sternothyroid lies deep to the sternohyoid m. |
Image Not Available |
| styloglossus |
anterior side of the styloid process |
posterolateral side of the tongue |
retracts and elevates the tongue |
hypoglossal nerve (XII) |
ascending pharyngeal a., ascending palatine branch of the facial a. |
an extrinsic muscle of the tongue |
 |
| stylohyoid |
posterior side of the styloid process |
splits around the intermediate tendon of the digastric m. to insert on the
body of the hyoid bone |
elevates and retracts the hyoid bone |
facial nerve (VII) |
ascending pharyngeal a. |
facial nerve innervates both the stylohyoid m. and the posterior belly of
the digastric m. shortly after exiting from the stylomastoid foramen |
 |
| stylopharyngeus |
medial side of the styloid process |
superior border of the thyroid cartilage and also into the pharyngeal wall |
elevates the larynx |
glossopharyngeal nerve (IX) |
ascending pharyngeal a. |
stylopharyngeus, the only muscle innervated by IX, is the only muscle of
the pharyngeal wall NOT innervated by the vagus (X) nerve; it is a derivative
of the third pharyngeal arch |
 |
| superior oblique |
apex of the orbit above the optic canal |
sclera on the posterior superior surface of the eyeball |
depresses and abducts the eyeball; rotates the superior pole of the iris
medially |
trochlear nerve (IV) |
ophthalmic a. |
passes through a fibrocartilagenous pulley known as the trochlea; when the
eye is adducted, this muscle moves the cornea inferiorly |
Image Not Available |
| superior pharyngeal constrictor |
medial pterygoid plate, pterygoid hamulus, pterygomandibular raphe, mylohyoid
line of mandible |
pharyngeal tubercle and midline pharyngeal raphe |
constricts the pharyngeal cavity |
vagus (X), via the pharyngeal plexus |
ascending pharyngeal a. |
the most internal of the three pharyngeal constructor mm. |
 |
| superior rectus |
common tendinous ring at the apex of the orbit |
sclera on the superior surface of the eyeball |
elevates and adducts the eyeball; rotates the superior pole of the iris
medially |
oculomotor nerve (III), superior division |
ophthalmic a. |
because this muscle approaches the eye from a medial position, it causes
the iris to rotate medially |
Image Not Available |
| temporalis |
temporal fossa and the temporal fascia |
coronoid process of the mandible and the anterior surface of the ramus of
the mandible |
elevates the mandible; retracts the mandible (posterior fibers) |
anterior and posterior deep temporal nerves from the mandibular division
of the trigeminal nerve (V) |
anterior and posterior deep temporal aa. |
a powerful chewing muscle; a derivative of the first pharyngeal arch |
 |
| tensor tympani |
cartilagenous auditory tube and the greater wing of the sphenoid bone which
lies adjacent to it |
manubrium of the malleus |
dampens vibrations of the tympanic membrane |
medial pterygoid branch of the mandibular division of the trigeminal nerve
(V) |
superior tympanic branch of the middle meningeal a. |
V3 innervates both tensor muscles of the head (tympani and veli palatini) which are derivatives of the first pharyngeal arch (Latin, tympanum = a kettle drum) |
 |
| tensor veli palatini |
scaphoid fossa, lateral wall of the auditory tube cartilage |
palatine aponeurosis |
opens the auditory tube; tenses the soft palate |
mandibular division of the trigeminal nerve (V) |
ascending pharyngeal a. |
remember: V3 innervates both tensor muscles (tympani and veli palatini);
ALL other palatal muscles are innervated by vagus |
 |
| thyroarytenoid |
inner surface of the thyroid cartilage anteriorly |
lateral border of the arytenoid cartilage |
draws the arytenoid cartilage forward, relaxing and adducting the vocal
folds |
inferior laryngeal nerve, from recurrent laryngeal nerve, a branch of the
vagus nerve (X) |
laryngeal branch of the superior thyroid a. |
its subsidiary parts are the thyroepiglottic m. and the vocalis m.; the
medial most fibers of thyroarytenoid that insert along the vocal ligament are
called the vocalis muscle |
 |
| thyroepiglottic |
inner surface of the thyroid cartilage near the laryngeal prominence |
lateral surface of the epiglottic cartilage |
draws the epiglottic cartilage downward |
inferior laryngeal nerve, from recurrent laryngeal nerve, a branch of the
vagus nerve (X) |
laryngeal branch of the superior thyroid a. |
represents the superior fibers of thyroarytenoid muscle which fan out to
the quadrangular membrane and epiglottis |
 |
| thyrohyoid |
oblique line of the thyroid cartilage |
lower border of the hyoid bone |
elevates the larynx; depresses/stabilizes the hyoid bone |
ansa cervicalis (via fibers running with the hypoglossal nerve that leave
XII distal to the superior limb of ansa) |
superior thyroid a. |
thyrohyoid lies deep to the sternohyoid |
Image Not Available |
| trachealis |
posterior edge of the tracheal cartilage |
posterior edge of the tracheal cartilage of other side (joins tracheal rings
posteriorly) |
constricts the bronchi and trachea |
preganglionic parasympathetic fibers from the vagus (X) nerve |
inferior thyroid a., bronchial aa. |
smooth muscle, found in the submucosal layer |
 |
| transverse arytenoid |
posterior surface of the arytenoid cartilage |
posterior surface of the contralateral arytenoid cartilage |
draws arytenoid cartilages together, adducting the vocal folds |
inferior laryngeal nerve, from recurrent laryngeal nerve, a branch of the
vagus nerve (X) |
laryngeal br. of the superior thyroid a. |
the transverse arytenoid m.lies anterior to the oblique arytenoid m.; the
arytenoideus is often considered to be one muscle with oblique and transverse
parts |
|
| transverse arytenoid |
posterior surface of the arytenoid cartilage |
posterior surface of the contralateral arytenoid cartilage |
draws arytenoid cartilages together, adducting the vocal folds |
inferior laryngeal nerve, from recurrent laryngeal nerve, a branch of the
vagus nerve (X) |
laryngeal br. of the superior thyroid a. |
the transverse arytenoid m.lies anterior to the oblique arytenoid m.; the
arytenoideus is often considered to be one muscle with oblique and transverse
parts |
|
| vocalis |
surface of the thyroid cartilage, vocal process of the arytenoid cartilage |
vocal ligament |
relaxes segments of the vocal ligament, thereby adjusting pitch |
inferior laryngeal nerve, from the recurrent laryngeal nerve, a branch of
the vagus nerve (X) |
laryngeal br. of the superior thyroid a. |
represents the innermost fibers of the thyroarytenoid muscle; the cricothyroid
m. grossly tenses the vocal ligaments, while the vocalis muscle provides the
mechanism for fine tuning the vibrations of the vocal folds |
 |
| zygomaticus major |
upper lateral surface of the zygomatic bone |
skin of the angle of the mouth |
elevates and draws the corner of the mouth laterally |
zygomatic and buccal branches of the facial nerve (VII) |
transverse facial a., facial a. |
a "smile" muscle |
 |
| zygomaticus minor |
lower surface of the zygomatic bone |
lateral part of the upper lip |
elevates the upper lip |
buccal branch of the facial nerve (VII) |
transverse facial a., facial a. |
a "smile" muscle |
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