OBJECTIVES (Oral Region):

1. Know the location and histological similarities and dissimilarities among the different types of oral mucosae (lining, masticatory, specialized).
   
2. Know the histology of the tongue including the different types of papillae.
3. Know the histology of the adult tooth and name the cells responsible for the production of enamel, dentin, and cementum.
4. Describe how the tooth is anchored in alveolar bone.
5. Know the structure of the epithelial attachment and understand its significance in protecting the periodontal space.
6. Be able to identify parotid, submandibular and sublingual salivary glands on the basis of histological appearance and by the types of secretion produced by each gland.
7. Be able to identify striated ducts of the salivary gland at the light and electron microscope level and correlate the structural features of the constituent cells to the functions of these ducts.
8. Know the localization of myoepithelial cells and nerves in relation to the acinar cells, and their role in secretory functions.

OBJECTIVES (Pharynx, Esophagus, & Stomach):

1. Be able to describe the layers in the wall of the digestive tract (mucosa, submucosa, muscularis (propria), and adventitia/serosa), and explain how they differ in the pharynx, esophagus, and stomach.
2. Know the histological differences in the pharynx and the upper, middle and lower portions of the esophagus.
3. Be able to recognize gastric glands, identify their constituent cells, and know their secretory products.
4. Be able to differentiate gastric glands, cardiac glands, and pyloric glands.

OBJECTIVES (Liver, Gall Bladder, & Pancreas):

Liver

1. Be able to describe the pathways of blood and bile flow through the liver.
2. Know what organelles are prominent within the hepatocyte, and be able to relate different organelles to specific liver functions.
3. Describe what surrounds the hepatocyte at various surfaces.
4. Explain the organization of the bile canaliculus, space of Disse and liver sinusoid, including Kupffer cells.
5. Know the organization of the classical liver lobule and Rappaport’s lobule and understand their relationship to liver functions.

Gall Bladder

1. Be able to identify the gall bladder by the structure and arrangement of the various tissue layers in the wall.

Pancreas

1. Be able to distinguish the pancreas from salivary glands at the light microscope level.
2. Be able to identify acinar cells, centroacinar cells, intralobular (intercalated) ducts and interlobular ducts in the pancreas, and name the major secretory products of the first two cells.
3. Identify the islets of Langerhans and cells that produce major hormones (i.e. insulin, glucagon, etc.).

OBJECTIVES (Small & Large Intestine):

1. Be able to describe the layers in the wall of the digestive tract (mucosa, submucosa, muscularis externa and adventitia/serosa), and explain how they differ in the small and large intestines.
2. Be able to recognize the duodenum from the jejunum or ileum.
3. Be able to identify the colon, appendix and recto-anal junction by their histological differences.

Review and lookalike presentations (Dr. Kim)

• Part I: Oral Cavity, Pharynx, Esophagus, & Stomach
• Part II: Liver, Pancreas, Small & Large Intestines

Lab orientations

Dr. Velkey's "orientations" (labeled slides from glass collection)

• Oral cavity (oral mucosa, gingiva, teeth, salivary glands)
• Pharynx, esophagus, and stomach
• Liver and pancreas
• Small and large intestines

Dr. Kim's "orientations" (powerpoints usued in Lab A/B, from virtual slides)

• Oral cavity (oral mucosa, gingiva, teeth, salivary glands)
• Pharynx, esophagus, and stomach
• Liver and pancreas
• Small and large intestines

VIRTUAL MICROSCOPE SLIDES

ORAL CAVITY

A. Oral mucosa (Mucous Membrane)

1. Lining Mucosa
Slide 114 (lip, human, H&E) [WinLab] [Mac] [WinHome]
Slide 114 triC (lip, human, trichrome) [WinLab] [Mac] [WinHome]
Slide 114M (lip, monkey, H&E) [WinLab] [Mac] [WinHome]

2. Masticatory Mucosa
Slide 115 (fetal palate, H&E) [WinLab] [Mac] [WinHome]
Slide 115 (fetal palate, trichrome) [WinLab] [Mac] [WinHome]

3. Specialized Mucosa
Slide 116 20x (tongue, H&E) [WinLab] [Mac] [WinHome]
Slide 116 40x (tongue, H&E) [WinLab] [Mac] [WinHome]
Slide 117 20x (tongue, H&E) [WinLab] [Mac] [WinHome]
Slide 117 40x (tongue, H&E) [WinLab] [Mac] [WinHome]
Slide 117N 40x (tongue, rabbit, H&E) [WinLab] [Mac] [WinHome]

B. Gingiva and Tooth in Jaw (W pg 252, 13.3)
Slide 122 40x (tooth, monkey, H&E) [WinLab] [Mac] [WinHome]
Slide 122 20x (tooth, monkey, trichrome) [WinLab] [Mac] [WinHome]
Slide 122PAS 20x (tooth, monkey, PAS) [WinLab] [Mac] [WinHome]
Slide 123 40x (tooth, pig, H&E) [WinLab] [Mac] [WinHome]


SALIVARY GLANDS (W pgs 246-8)

A. Parotid gland (W pgs 260-1, 13.15, 13.18)
Slide 180-1 20x [WinLab] [Mac] [WinHome]
Slide 180-1 40x [WinLab] [Mac] [WinHome]
Slide 180-2 20x [WinLab] [Mac] [WinHome]
Slide 180-2 40x [WinLab] [Mac] [WinHome]

B. Submandibular Gland (W pgs. 261-2, 13.16, 17, 20)
Slide 183-1 20x [WinLab] [Mac] [WinHome]
Slide 183-1 40x [WinLab] [Mac] [WinHome]
Slide 183-2 (mucicarmine stain) [WinLab] [Mac] [WinHome]
Slide 184 20x WinLab] [Mac] [WinHome]
Slide 184 40x [WinLab] [Mac] [WinHome]
Slide 184-2 40x [WinLab] [Mac] [WinHome]

C. Sublingual Gland (W pgs. 261-2, 13.16, 17, 20)
Slide 185 20x [WinLab] [Mac] [WinHome]
Slide 185-1 40x [WinLab] [Mac] [WinHome]
Slide 185-2 40x [WinLab] [Mac] [WinHome]
Slide 185A (mucicarmine stain) [WinLab] [Mac] [WinHome]

ORAL PHARYNX (No Wheater's figures).
Slide 152 20x (H&E) [WinLab] [Mac] [WinHome]
Slide 152 40x (H&E) [WinLab] [Mac] [WinHome]
Slide 152 triC (aldehyde fuchsin) [WinLab] [Mac] [WinHome]

ESOPHAGUS (W pg 267, 14.5)
Slide 126 40x (trachea & esophagus, H&E) [WinLab] [Mac] [WinHome]
Slide 153 20x (esophagus, H&E) [WinLab] [Mac] [WinHome]
Slide 155 20x (gastro-esophageal junct, H&E) [WinLab] [Mac] [WinHome]
Slide 153 40x (gastro-esophageal junct, H&E) [WinLab] [Mac] [WinHome]

STOMACH (W pgs 268-273, 14.6-14.15)

A. Cardiac glands (W pg 268, 14.6)
Slide 155 20x (gastro-esophageal junct, H&E) [WinLab] [Mac] [WinHome]
Slide 155 40x (gastro-esophageal junct, H&E) [WinLab] [Mac] [WinHome]

B. Gastric glands (W pg 268-272, 14.7-13).
Slide 155 20x (gastro-esophageal junct, H&E) [WinLab] [Mac] [WinHome]
Slide 155 40x (gastro-esophageal junct, H&E) [WinLab] [Mac] [WinHome]
Slide 156 20x (stomach, H&E) [WinLab] [Mac] [WinHome]
Slide 156 40x (stomach, H&E) [WinLab] [Mac] [WinHome]
Slide 157 20x (stomach, H&E) [WinLab] [Mac] [WinHome]
Slide 157 40x (stomach, H&E) [WinLab] [Mac] [WinHome]
Slide 160 40x (stomach, PAS) [WinLab] [Mac] [WinHome]

C. Pyloric glands (W pgs 273, 14.14-15)
Slide 162 20x (gastro-duodenal junct, H&E) [WinLab] [Mac] [WinHome]
Slide 162 40x (gastro-duodenal junct, H&E) [WinLab] [Mac] [WinHome]
Slide 161 20x (pylorus & dudenum, monkey, H&E) [WinLab] [Mac] [WinHome]
Slide 161 40x (pylorus & duodenum, monkey, H&E) [WinLab] [Mac] [WinHome]

LIVER AND GALL BLADDER (W pgs 288-298)

A. Liver
Slide 1 40x (liver, H&E) [WinLab] [Mac] [WinHome]
Slide 194 40x (liver, H&E) [WinLab] [Mac] [WinHome]
Slide 195 40x [WinLab] [Mac] [WinHome]
Slide 198-1 40x ("even" slide collections, liver, Golgi silver) [WinLab] [Mac] [WinHome]
Slide 198-2 40x ("odd" slide collections, liver, reticulin stain) [WinLab] [Mac] [WinHome]

B. Gall Bladder (W pg 298, 15.13)
Slide 194 40x (liver, H&E) [WinLab] [Mac] [WinHome]
Slide 195 40x (liver, trichrome) [WinLab] [Mac] [WinHome]

PANCREAS (W, pgs. 283-285)

A. Exocrine Pancreas
Slide 188B (pancreas, H&E) [WinLab] [Mac] [WinHome]
WU Slide 98 (pancreas, thin section, H&E) [WinLab] [Mac] [WinHome]

B. Endocrine Pancreas (W pg 299, 15.14; pgs 342-3, 17.21-3)
Slide 188B (pancreas, H&E) [WinLab] [Mac] [WinHome]
Slide 189 (pancreas, vascular inj.) [WinLab] [Mac] [WinHome] (W pg 342, 17.22)
Slide 190 (pancreas, Chrome-alum hematoxylin & phloxine) [WinLab] [Mac] [WinHome]
UCSF slide 294 (pancreas, Chrome-alum hematoxylin & phloxine) [WinLab] [Mac] [WinHome]

SMALL INTESTINE (W pgs 274-282)

1. Duodenum (W pgs 273-277, 14.15, 14.16a, 14.19)
Slide 162 40x (pyloro-duodenal junct, H&E) [WinLab] [Mac] [WinHome]
Slide 161 40x (pylorus, duodenum, pancreas, H&E) [WinLab] [Mac] [WinHome]

2. Jejunum and ileum
Slide 29 40x (jejunum, monkey, H&E) [WinLab] [Mac] [WinHome]
Slide 168 40x (ileum, H&E) [WinLab] [Mac] [WinHome]
Slide 169 40x (jejunum, H&E) [WinLab] [Mac] [WinHome]
Slide 170 40x (ileum, H&E) [WinLab] [Mac] [WinHome]
Slide 165 40x (ileum, PAS) [WinLab] [Mac] [WinHome]
Slide 171 20x (jejunum, vascular inj) [WinLab] [Mac] [WinHome]
UCSF Slide 246 (jejunum, H&E) [WinLab] [Mac] [WinHome]
UCSF Slide 247(jejunum, H&E and ammoniacal AgNO4) [WinLab] [Mac] [WinHome]

LARGE INTESTINE (W pg 283, 14.29)

1. Colon
Slide 176 40x (colon, H&E) [WinLab] [Mac] [WinHome]

2. Appendix (W pg 285, 14.31)
Slide 174 40x (appendix, H&E) [WinLab] [Mac] [WinHome]

3. Recto-anal Junction (W pg 285, 14.32)
Slide 177 40x (recto-anal junct, monkey, H&E) [WinLab] [Mac] [WinHome]
Slide 177-2 20x (recto-anal junct, human, trichrome) [WinLab] [Mac] [WinHome]
Slide 177-3 20x (recto-anal junct, human, H&E) [WinLab] [Mac] [WinHome]

Electron Micrograph Wall Charts

#94 ORAL EPITHELIUM (NON-KERATINIZED) [WinLab] [Mac] [WinHome]

#95 TASTE BUD [WinLab] [Mac] [WinHome]

#99 LINGUAL (VON EBNER'S) GLAND [WinLab] [Mac] [WinHome]

#98 SUBLINGUAL GLAND [WinLab] [Mac] [WinHome]

#115 STOMACH [WinLab] [Mac] [WinHome]

#116 GASTRIC GLAND PROPER [WinLab] [Mac] [WinHome]

#117 GASTRIC GLAND PROPER [WinLab] [Mac] [WinHome] - chief & parietal cells (detail)

#118 SMALL INTESTINE - VILLUS [WinLab] [Mac] [WinHome]

#199 SMALL INTESTINE - DEEP PORTION [WinLab] [Mac] [WinHome]

#120 INTESTINAL GLAND (CRYPT OF LIEBERKÜHN) [WinLab] [Mac] [WinHome]

#121 LARGE INTESTINE [WinLab] [Mac] [WinHome]

#122 LIVER - PORTAL AREA [WinLab] [Mac] [WinHome]

#123 LIVER SINUSOID [WinLab] [Mac] [WinHome]

#124 HEPATOCYTE [WinLab] [Mac] [WinHome]

#125 EXOCRINE PANCREAS [WinLab] [Mac] [WinHome]

Review Question Answers

DG1: What are the "striations" of striated ducts?

answer

DG2: What causes the basophilia in the basal cytoplasm of a chief cell?

answer

DG3: What is(are) the secretory product(s) of chief cells?

answer

DG4: Note that the brush border is also PAS positive.  Why?

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DG5: How do the locations of glands in the GI tract help to identify what part of the GI tract you are looking at?

answer

DG6: What are the three classifications of liver lobules and what structures define each?

answer

Practice Questions

click here for low magnification image
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The structure indicated is a cross section of a:

1. gastric pit.
2. cardiac stomach gland.
3. fundic stomach gland.
4. pyloric stomach gland.
5. duodenal submucosal (Brunner’s) gland.
6. villus in the jejunum/ileum.
7. crypt of Lieberkühn in the jejunum/ileum.
8. crypt of Lieberkühn in the colon.

answer

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The epithelium specifically indicated is from:

1. vermillion zone of lip
2. filliform papilla of tongue
3. fungiform papilla of tongue
4. circumvallate papilla of tongue
5. mucosa of pharynx
6. mucosa of esophagus

answer

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The tissue indicated is from:

1. lamina propria of esophagus
2. muscularis mucosae of esophagus
3. submucosa of esophagus
4. muscularis externa of esophagus
5. lamina propria of pharynx

answer

click here to view slide
Identify the region of the GI tract.

1. cardio-esophageal junction
2. gastro-duodenal junction
3. duodeno-jejunal junction
4. ileo-cecal junction
5. recto-anal junction

answer

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The structure indicated contains a:

1. cell process of an ameleoblast
2. cell process of an odontoblast
3. cell process of a cementocyte
4. Sharpey's fiber
5. capillary from pulp cavity

answer

click here for image
The tissue shown is from:

1. esophageal submucosal glands
2. esophageal mucosal (i.e. "cardiac") glands
3. cardiac stomach glands
4. fundic (gastric) glands
5. pyloric glands

answer

The periodontal ligament connects:

1. dentin to enamel.
2. dentin to cementum.
3. cementum to alveolar bone.
4. enamel to alveolar bone.
5. the root of one tooth to the root of an adjacent tooth.

answer

Click here to view image.
The asterisk is in:

1. liver sinusoid
2. space of Disse
3. central vein
4. branch of hepatic artery
5. bile duct
6. pancreatic intercalated duct
7. pancreatic interlobular duct
8. parotid gland intercalated duct
9. parotid gland interlobular duct

answer

click here for image
The cell shown:

1. influences motility and secretory activity of the GI tract.
2. protects the mucosa by secreting mucus.
3. produces zymogens such as pepsinogen essential for digestion.
4. secretes intrinsic factor necessary for absorption of vitamin B12.
5. transports H+ ions for the production of acidic gastric juices.

answer

Which of the following statements regarding the 3 zones comprising the liver acinus (of Rappaport) is CORRECT?

1. Zone 1 is closest to the central vein.
2. Zone 2 is the first to undergo necrosis if circulation is impaired.
3. Zone 3 is closest to branches of the hepatic artery.
4. Zone 1 is the first to receive nutrients delivered by the portal vein.
5. Zone 2 is the last to receive any toxins that may be in the blood.

answer

click here to view slide
The region of the GI tract shown is:

1. lower esophagus
2. cardia of stomach
3. pylorus of stomach
4. duodenum
5. gall bladder
6. jejunum
7. appendix
8. colon

answer

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Click here to view high magnification image.
The cell indicated:

1. produces bile.
2. is in the space of Disse.
3. produces pancreatic pro-enzymes (such as trypsinogen).
4. adds bicarbonate and water to the pancreatic exocrine secretion.
5. removes sodium from the pancreatic exocrine secretion.
6. secretes insulin.
7. secretes glucagon.

answer

Rectal hemorrhoids are caused by dilation of blood vessels in the:

1. lamina propria.
2. muscularis mucosae.
3. submucosa.
4. muscularis externa.
5. adventitia.

answer

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The cells indicated are:

1. fibroblasts of the lamina propria.
2. smooth muscle cells of the muscularis mucosae.
3. fibroblasts of the submucosa.
4. neurons of the submucosal plexus.
5. smooth muscle cells of the muscularis externa.

answer

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The tissue section shown has been stained with PAS and AzureII. The cells indicated:

1. secrete a watery mucus when stimulated by the vagus nerve.
2. are found only in the fundus/corpus of the stomach.
3. secrete H+ ions for the production of acidic gastric juices.
4. constitutively secrete a thick, bicarbonate-rich mucus.
5. produces zymogens such as pepsinogen essential for digestion.

answer

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The tissue shown is from:

1. parotid gland
2. sublingual gland
3. submandibular gland
4. von Ebner's gland
5. labial (i.e. minor) salivary gland

answer