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Cells & Tissue Sequence Review
Atlas:   Wheater's, Cell Structure and Function (Review), pgs. 2-32
Wheater's, Supporting/Connective tissues, pgs. 65-81
Wheater's, Epithelial tissues, pgs. 82-100,
Wheater's, Muscle, pgs. 101-121
Wheater's, Nervous Tissues, pgs. 122-39; pgs. 148-50
Wheater's, Skin, pgs. 167-85
Wheater's, Glands (in general), pgs. 95-99
Wheater's, The breast, pgs. 386-90
Text:   Ross, Chapters 1-3 Cells and methods of study (Review)
Ross, Chapter 4, Tissues: concept and classification (Review) pgs. 92-96
Ross, Chapter 5, Epithelial tissue, pgs. 98-145
Ross, Chapter 6, Connective tissue, pgs. 146-181
Ross, Chapter 9, Adipose tissue, pgs. 238-246
Ross, Chapter 11, Muscle tissue, pgs. 280-317
Ross, Chapter 12, Nerve Tissue, pgs. 318-48; also muscle innervation, pgs. 291-5
Lab Resources
  

 

Lab orientations:

Epithelial Tissue (Kim)

Connective Tissue (Kim)

Muscle Tissue (Ernst)

Peripheral Nervous Tissue (Kim)

Labeled micrographs from PNS slides (Velkey)

 

Dr. Christensen's Lab Drawings:

Epithelial Tissue

Connective Tissue

Muscle Tissue

Peripheral Nervous Tissue

 

Dr. Kim has prepared some reviews that you may find useful:

Review and Lookalikes for Epithelium, Connective Tissue, Nerve, and Muscle

Comprehensive Cells and Tissues "Mini-review"

 

Remember that you should be familiar with some of the common stains we use to identify specific tissues and/or cells:

I. Hematoxylin and Eosin (H&E): routine stain used for most tissue sections

Hematoxylin: stains negatively charged (acidic) substances such as nucleic acids (DNA in the nucleus, RNA in ribosomes of RER) and sulfated proteoglycans (sulfate groups are negatively charged) purple/black or deep blue.

Eosin: stains positively charged (basic) substances such as cell membranes (smooth ER, Golgi, mitochondria) and most proteins red or pink.

II. Masson's Trichrome: also routinely used on tissue sections.

collagen and nerves: blue or green

muscle (smooth, skeletal, and cardiac): rusty red

nuclei: usually red/black.

III. Elastic stains: there are a few types such as aldehyde fuchsin, Weigert's, Verhoeff's, and van Gieson's but they all stain elastin deep purple/black.

IV. Silver nitrate (or sometimes just called "silver stain"): stains type III collagen (reticular fibers) black. Type III collagen is heavily glycosylated and the silver nitrate reacts with these sugar groups and is reduced to metallic (black) silver.

V. Periodic Acid-Schiff (PAS): stains glycoproteins, mucus, and some proteoglycans purple or deep pink (depending on how long the reaction is allowed to occur). Used to demonstrate basement membranes, microvilli (reacts with the glycocalyx associated with microvilli), and mucus-secreting cells.

VI. Toluidine blue / azure dyes: Toluidine blue and azure dyes will stain nucleic acids blue (a very nice way to see nuclei, nucleoli, and Nissl substance in neurons). However, these dyes will also undergo a metachromatic reaction with mast cell granules changing in color from blue to deep red-purple or almost black, so these stains are routinely used to identify mast cells in tissue sections.

 

You've been introduced to a few diseases that affect specific tissues, so you should be familiar with them:

Disease defect in: tissues affected / symptoms
Kartagener's syndrome dynein / microtubules immotile cilia, so chronic respiratory infections because respiratory epithelium cannot clear out debris
bullous pemphigoid autoimmune destruction of hemidesmosomes basal cells of epidermis separate from basal lamina, so severe blistering
epidermolysis bullosa type VII collagen (anchoring fibrils) epidermis and basal lamina separates from underlying connective tissue, so severe blistering
scurvy proline hydroxylation required for synthesis of ANY fibrillar collagen (type I, II or III) any tissue with type I, II, or III collagen; tissues affected are where most turnover occurs: e.g. ulceration of gums and dermis
osteogenesis imperfecta type I collagen bones and tendons are significantly weakened and/or deformed
type IV (vascular type) Ehlers-Danlos syndrome type III collagen (reticular fibers) reticular fibers form significant part of arterial walls, so increased risk of aortic aneurism and rupture.
Marfan syndrome fibrillin (and therefore elastic fiber synthesis) tissues rich in elastic fibers are weakened; e.g. ligaments, tendons, and arterial walls (so increased risk of aortic aneurism and rupture)
Muscular dystrophy dystrophin skeletal muscle degeneration

 

Practice Questions for Sequence Final Exam --Note: the final exam will be weighted more heavily with questions from THIS WEEK'S material (muscle and nerve)

Click here to view image.
1. The nuclei indicated by the arrows in Panel A and labeled "N" in the electron micrograph in Panel B (which is a high magnification view of the boxed area in panel A) belong to:

  1. non-myelinating Schwann cells
  2. myelinating Schwann cells
  3. smooth muscle cells
  4. fibroblasts of perineurium
  5. dorsal root (sensory) ganglion neurons
  6. autonomic ganglion neurons

ANSWER

 

 

Click on either the MAC link or the PC link to open the image.
2. The type of epithelium indicated by the arrow lines:

  1. skin
  2. mucosa of the esophagus
  3. respiratory tract
  4. urinary tract
  5. mesentery

ANSWER

 

 

Select the MAC link or PC link to view image.
3. The cell indicated by the arrow is a/an:

  1. dorsal root ganglion neuron
  2. autonomic ganglion neuron
  3. satellite cell
  4. Schwann cell
  5. macrophage
  6. plasma cell
  7. intrafusal muscle fiber (cell)

ANSWER

 

 

4. Actin filaments are NOT associated with:

  1. microvilli
  2. hemidesmosomes          
  3. zonula adherens
  4. Z-lines in skeletal muscle
  5. dense bodies in smooth muscle
  6. intercalated disks in cardiac muscle

ANSWER

 

 

Click here to see the image
5. In this tissue section stained with iron hematoxylin and eosin, the the two primary protein components of the structure indicated by the arrow are:

  1. type III collagen and proteoglycans
  2. type I collagen and proteoglycans
  3. type IV collagen and laminin
  4. elastin and fibrillin
  5. actin and myosin

ANSWER

 

 

Select the MAC link or PC link to view image.
6. The predominant tissue in this tissue section is:

  1. cardiac muscle
  2. skeletal muscle
  3. smooth muscle
  4. dense irregular connective tissue
  5. dense regular connective tissue
  6. myelinated nerve
  7. non-myelinated nerve

ANSWER

 

 

click here for the image
7. The tissue indicated is:

  1. simple cuboidal epithelium
  2. dense regular connective tissue
  3. cardiac muscle
  4. smooth muscle
  5. myelinated nerve

ANSWER

 

 

click here for the low mag image
click here for the high mag image
8. The neurons in the ganglia shown:

  1. receive sensory input from muscle spindles
  2. modulate the contraction of smooth muscle
  3. innervate skeletal muscle
  4. are bipolar
  5. are pseudounipolar

ANSWER

 

 

Click here to view image
9 . Which of the lines in the electron micrograph indicates a single sarcomere?

  1. A
  2. B
  3. C
  4. D
  5. E

ANSWER

 

 

click here for the image
10. The structure enclosed by the brackets indicated by the arrow is a:

  1. Microtubule
  2. Microvillus
  3. Collagen fibril
  4. Collagen fiber
  5. Nerve fiber
  6. Nerve fascicle
  7. Myofiber (muscle fiber)
  8. Myofibril

ANSWER

 

 

11. Which of the following statements regarding cilia is TRUE?

  1. They contain a core of keratin intermediate filaments.
  2. They are anchored to the cell by a terminal web of intermediate and actin filaments.
  3. In tissues such as respiratory epithelium, they are immotile (they do not move on their own).
  4. They function primarily to facilitate absorption.
  5. They are generally considered to be localized on the apical surface of epithelial cells.

ANSWER

 

 

Select either the MAC link or PC link to view image.
12. The tissue indicated in this slide is:

  1. dense irregulare connective tissue
  2. dense regular connective tissue
  3. skeletal muscle
  4. smooth muscle
  5. myelinated nerve
  6. non-myelinated nerve

ANSWER

 

 

Click here to view image.
13. What type of cell junction plays an important role in the FUNCTION of the connective tissue layer indicated by the arrows?

  1. gap junction
  2. desmosome
  3. hemidesmosome
  4. zonlula adherens
  5. tight junction

ANSWER

 

 

Select either the MAC link or PC link to view image.
14. Identify the tissue.

  1. skeletal muscle
  2. cardiac muscle
  3. smooth muscle
  4. dense irregular connective tissue
  5. dense regular connective tissue
  6. myelinated nerve
  7. non-myelinated nerve

ANSWER

 

 

click here for cross section image
click here for the longitudinal section image
15. The cell shown in the electron micrograph:

  1. is a stretch receptor.
  2. is innervated by alpha motor neurons.
  3. has almost no regenerative capacity.
  4. is metabolically inactive.
  5. contracts slowly and involuntarily.

ANSWER

 

 

 

Select either the MAC link or PC link to view image.
16. Identify the cell indicated by the pointer.

  1. Schwann cell
  2. satellite cell
  3. dorsal root ganglion (sensory) neuron
  4. autonomic ganglion neuron
  5. motor neuron
  6. macrophage
  7. muscle spindle cell

ANSWER

 

 

 

Click here to view image
20. The type of intercellular junction as viewed by routine transmission electron microscopy in panel A and in a freeze-fracture preparation in panel B:

  1. extends as a zone around the apical perimeter of adjacent cells.
  2. posseses dense plaques that are anchored to intermediate filaments.
  3. permits the passage of ions from one cell to another.
  4. requires calcium to bind adjacent cells.
  5. mediates adhesion of cells to an underlying basal lamina.

ANSWER

 

 

Click either on the MAC link or PC link to open the virtual slide.
21. One of the major functions of the cells indicated is:

  1. collagen production.
  2. triglyceride (fat) storage.
  3. antibody production.
  4. release of histamine during allergic reactions.
  5. phagocytosis of cell debris and/or foreign material.
  6. relaying sensory input into the central nervous system.
  7. sending motor output to smooth muscle cells.

ANSWER

 

 

Click here to view image
22. The tissue shown is:

  1. stratified squamous keratinized epithelium
  2. stratified squamous non-keratinized epithelium
  3. dense regular connective tissue
  4. dense irregular connective tissue
  5. peripheral nerve
  6. smooth muscle

ANSWER

 

Produced and supported by:
The Learning Resource Center - Office of Medical Education
Department of Pathology, Virtual Microscopy Facility
Department of Cell and Developmental Biology

Questions or comments? E-mail Dr. J. Matthew Velkey (jvelkey@med.umich.edu)

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