University of Michigan Medical School

Searching the Web for Mouse Models of Human Disease and Genetically Altered Mouse Strains.
The number of genetically engineered mice available for study is rapidly increasing. Considerable savings in animal life and research dollars are possible when existing transgenic or gene targeted mouse strains can be used for experimental studies. In addition, investigators may find that a spontaneous mouse mutant may provide insight into their research questions. Unfortunately, there is no single comprehensive repository for all genetically altered mice.We list vendors that have mice for sale. In addition, there are information databases which describe mouse models.

The Jackson Laboratory in Bar Harbor, Maine, has a large number of mouse strains for distribution. Lines with specific genetic alterations can be found by searching various databases for the Induced Mutant Resource, the Mouse Mutant Resource, and the Lane List of Named Mutations Maintained at the Jackson Laboratory.

The Jackson Laboratory Induced Mutant Resource of genetically engineered mice can be searched over the internet. The database lists several disease model categories. For example, there are 47 listings in the Strain Category of Breast Cancer of the search form. Linking to the first listing takes us to information on a mouse with an experimentally induced mutation in the ataxia telangiectasia gene. Another takes us to the Mouse Locus Catalog entry and a detailed comparison of human disease and the phenotype of this mouse model, including 10 references.

The Jackson Laboratory also maintains the Mouse Genome Database. This excellent source of information includes information on spontaneous mouse mutants. When spina bifida is entered as a search term in the phenotype field of the "Genes, Markers and Phenotypes Query Form", 8 known mouse genes are returned. Linking to the first gene in the list returns a description of mice with the "curly tail" mutation and 18 research papers.

The Transgenic/Targeted Mutation Database (TBase) hosted at The Jackson Laboratory. Selecting mouse in the common name of organism filed and entering muscular dystrophy as the search term in the phenotype field of the search form returns a list of mouse lines related to this disease. Linking to the first mouse line on the list provides a detailed description of the line and links to other related lines.

Access to the Mouse Knock-Out and Mutation database is obtained through BioMedNet. Enter arthritis into the search filed and 8 published studies of arthritis models that use gene targeted mice are retrieved.

Frontiers in Bioscience also maintains a database of gene knockout mice at http://www.bioscience.org/knockout/knochome.htm. Genes are listed in alphabetical order, with links to published research papers.

The Medical Research Council's Mammalian Genetics Unit at Harwell, UK, has more than 200 mouse strains available for distribution. These include both genetically engineered mice and spontaneous mutants. A searchable database is available at http://www.mgu.har.mrc.ac.uk/facilities/stocklist/

The National Institute of Genetics of Japan lists more than 100 strains of mice available for study at http://www.shigen.nig.ac.jp/mouse/strain/index_e.php

A more limited number of transgenic, gene targeted, and mutant mouse lines are also available from commercial vendors such as: Charles River Laboratory , Taconic, and Harlan Sprague Dawley. B & K Universaloffer a partial listing of their available mice.

Publications

Key Gene Targeting Papers
Retrieve Abstracts
Revised Nomenclature of 129 mouse strains from The Jackson Laboratory.

Auerbach W, Dunmore JH, Fairchild-Huntress V, Fang Q, Auerbach AB, Huszar D, Joyner AL. 2000. Establishment and chimera analysis of 129/SvEv- and C57BL/6-derived mouse embryonic stem cell lines. Biotechniques. 29:1024-1032.

Doetschman, TC, Eistetter, H, Katz, M, Schmidt, W, Kemler, R. 1985. The in vitro development of blastocyst-derived embryonic stem cell lines:
formation of visceral yolk sac, blood islands and myocardium. J. Embryol. Exp. Morphol. 87:27-45.

Fedorov LM, Haegel-Kronenberger H, Hirchenhain J. 1997. A comparison of the germline potential of differently aged ES cell lines and their transfected descendants. Transgenic Res. 6:223-31.

George SH, Gertsenstein M, Vintersten K, Korets-Smith E, Murphy J, Stevens ME, Haigh JJ, Nagy A. 2007. Developmental and adult phenotyping directly from mutant embryonic stem cells. ProcNatlAcadSci U S A. 104:4455-60.

Hughes ED, Qu YY, Genik SJ, Lyons RH, Pacheco CD, Lieberman AP, Samuelson LC, Nasonkin IO, Camper SA, Van Keuren ML, Saunders TL. 2007. Genetic variation in C57BL/6 ES cell lines and genetic instability in the Bruce4 C57BL/6 ES cell line. Mamm Genome. 18:549-558.

Kontgen F, Suss G, Stewart C, Steinmetz M, Bluethmann H. 1993. Targeted disruption of the MHC class II Aa gene in C57BL/6 mice. IntImmunol. 5:957-64.

Lemckert FA, Sedgwick JD, Körner H. 1997. Gene targeting in C57BL/6 ES cells. Successful germ line transmission using recipient BALB/c blastocysts developmentally matured in vitro. Nucleic Acids Res. 25:917-918.

Liu X, Wu H, Loring J, Hormuzdi S, Disteche CM, Bornstein P, Jaenisch R. 1997. Trisomy eight in ES cells is a common potential problem in gene targeting and interferes with germ line transmission.<>DevDyn. 209:85-91.

Longo L, Bygrave A, Grosveld FG, Pandolfi PP. 1997. The chromosome make-up of mouse embryonic stem cells is predictive of somatic and germ cell chimaerism. Transgenic Res. 6:321-328.

Mansour, SL, Thomas, KR, Deng, CX, Capecchi, MR. 1990. Introduction of a lacZ reporter gene into the mouse int-2 locus by homologous recombination. Proc. Natl. Acad .Sci. U.S.A. 87:7688-7692

McMahon AP, Bradley A.1990. The Wnt-1 (int-1) proto-oncogene is required for development of a large region of the mouse brain.Cell. 62:1073-85.

Nagy A. Crerecombinase: the universal reagent for genome tailoring. Genesis. 2000 Feb;26(2):99-109. Download This Paper.

Nagy A, Rossant J, Nagy R, Abramow-Newerly W, Roder JC. 1993. Derivation of completely cell culture-derived mice from early-passage embryonic stem cells. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 90:8424-8428.

Ramirez-Solis R, Rivera-Perez J, Wallace JD, Wims M, Zheng H, Bradley A. 1992. Genomic DNA microextraction: a method to screen numerous samples. Anal Biochem. 201(2):331-5.

Schuster-Gossler K, Lee AW, Lerner CP, Parker HJ, Dyer VW, Scott VE, Gossler A, Conover JC. 2001. Use of coisogenic host blastocysts for efficient establishment of germline chimeras with C57BL/6J ES cell lines. Biotechniques. 31:1022-1026.

Seong E, Saunders TL, Stewart CL, Burmeister M. 2004. To knockout in 129 or in C57BL/6: that is the question. Trends Genet.20:59-62.

Simpson EM, Linder CC, Sargent EE, Davisson MT, Mobraaten LE, Sharp JJ. 1997. Genetic variation among 129 substrains and its importance for targeted mutagenesis in mice. Nat. Genet. 16:19-27.

Swiatek, PJ, and Gridley T. 1993. Perinatal lethality and defects in hindbrain development in mice homozygous for a targeted mutation of the zinc finger gene Krox20. Genes and Develop. 7:2071-2084.

teRiele, H, Maandag, ER, Berns, A. 1992. Highly efficient gene targeting in embryonic stem cells through homologous recombination with isogenic DNA constructs. Proc. Natl. Acad .Sci. U.S.A. 89:5128-5132.

Threadgill DW, Yee D, Matin A, Nadeau JH, Magnuson T. 1997 Genealogy of the 129 inbred strains: 129/SvJ is a contaminated inbred strain. Mamm Genome. 8:390-3.

Thomas, KR, Capecchi, MR. 1987. Site-directed mutagenesis by gene targeting in mouse embryo-derived stem cells. Cell 51:503-512.

Tybulewicz, VLJ, Crawford, CE, Jackson, PK, Bronson, PT, Mulligan, RC. 1991. Neonatal lethality and lymphopenia in Mice with a homozygous disruption of the c-abl proto-oncogene. Cell 65:1153-1163.

van Deursen J, Wieringa B. Targeting of the creatine kinase M gene in embryonic stem cells using isogenic and nonisogenic vectors. 1992. Nucleic Acids Res. 20:3815-3820.

Zhou L, Rowley DL, Mi QS, Sefcovic N, Matthes HW, Kieffer BL, Donovan DM. Murine inter-strain polymorphisms alter gene targeting frequencies at the mu opioid receptor locus in embryonic stem cells. Mamm Genome. 2001 Oct;12(10):772-8.

Zinc Finger Nuclease Modified Mice and Rats
ZFN Rat Knockout Models from the Rat Genome Database
Rat Knockout Models at the Knock Out Rat Consortium

Carbery ID, Ji D, Harrington A, Brown V, Weinstein EJ, Liaw L, Cui X. 2010. Targeted genome modification in mice using zinc-finger nucleases. Genetics. 186:451-9.

Cui X, Ji D, Fisher DA, Wu Y, Briner DM, Weinstein EJ. 2011. Targeted integration in rat and mouse embryos with zinc-finger nucleases. Nat Biotechnol. 29:64-7.

Geurts AM, Cost GJ, Freyvert Y, Zeitler B, Miller JC, Choi VM, Jenkins SS, Wood A, Cui X, Meng X, Vincent A, Lam S, Michalkiewicz M, Schilling R, Foeckler J, Kalloway S, Weiler H, Ménoret S, Anegon I, Davis GD, Zhang L, Rebar EJ, Gregory PD, Urnov FD, Jacob HJ, Buelow R. 2009.. Knockout rats via embryo microinjection of zinc-finger nucleases. Science. 325:433.

Meyer M, de Angelis MH, Wurst W, Kühn R. 2010. Gene targeting by homologous recombination in mouse zygotes mediated by zinc-finger nucleases. ProcNatlAcadSci U S A. 107:15022-6.

Rémy S, Tesson L, Ménoret S, Usal C, Scharenberg AM, Anegon I. 2010. Zinc-finger nucleases: a powerful tool for genetic engineering of animals. Transgenic Res. 19:363-71.

Tetracycline Regulated Transgene Expression
Methodology
Prof. Dr. Hermann Bujard's Website on Tetracycline Controlled Transcriptional Activation
NIH Mammary Gland Biology Website
in vivo Applications
in vitro Applications

Methodology
Retrieve Abstracts

Furth, PA, St Onge, L, Boger, H, Gruss, P, Gossen, M, Kistner, A, Bujard, H, Hennighausen, L. 1994. Temporal control of gene expression in transgenic mice by a tetracycline-responsive promoter. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 91:9302-9306.

Gill, G, Ptashne, M. 1988. Negative effect of the transcriptional activator GAL4. Nature. 334:721-723.

Kistner, A, Gossen M, Zimmermann, F, Jerecic, J, Ullmer, C, Lubbbert, H, Bujard, H. 1996. Doxycycline-mediated quantitative and tissue-specific control of gene expression in transgenic mice. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 93:10933-10938.

Passman, RS, Fishman, GI. 1994. Regulated expression of foreign genes in vivo after germline transfer. J. Clin. Invest.94:2421-2425.

Schultze, N, Burki, Y, Lang Y, Certa, U, Bluethmann, H. 1996. Efficient Control of gene expression by single step integration of the tetracycline system in transgenic mice. Nature Biotechnology. 14:499-503.

Shockett, P, Difilippantonio, M, Hellman, N, Schatz, DG. 1995. A modified tetracycline-regulated system provides autoregulatory, inducible gene expression in cultured cells and transgenic mice. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 92:6522-6526.

St-Onge, L, Furth, PA, Gruss, P. 1996. Temporal control of the Crerecombinase in transgenic mice by a tetracycline responsive promoter. Nucl. Acids Res. 24:3875-3877.

Yu Z, Redfern CS, Fishman GI. 1996. Conditional transgene expression in the heart. Circ. Res. 79:691-697.

in vivo Applications
Retrieve Abstracts

Dhawan, J, Rando, TA, Elson, SL, Bujard, H, Blau, HM. 1995. Tetracycline-regulated gene expression following direct gene transfer into mouse skeletal muscle. Somat Cell Mol Genet 21:233-240.

Efrat, S, Fusco-DeMane, D, Lemberg, H, al Emran, O, Wang, X. 1995. Conditional transformation of a pancreatic beta-cell line derived from transgenic mice expressing a tetracycline-regulated oncogene. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 92:3576-3580.

Ewald, D, Li, M, Efrat, S, Auer, G, Wall, RJ, Furth, PA, Hennighausen, L. 1996. Time-sensitive reversal of hyperplasia in transgenic mice expressing SV40 T antigen. Science. 273:1384-1386.

Hennighausen, L, Wall, RJ, Tillmann, U, Li, M, Furth, PA. 1995. Conditional gene expression in secretory tissues and skin of transgenic mice using the MMTV-LTR and the tetracycline responsive system. J. Cell. Biochem. 59:463-472.

Mayford, M, Bach, ME, Huang, YY, Wang, L, Hawkins, RD, Kandel, ER. 1996. Control of memory formation through regulated expression of a CaMKII transgene. Science 274:1678-1683.

in vitro Applications
Retrieve Abstracts

Ackland-Berglund, CE, Leib, DA. 1995. Efficacy of tetracycline-controlled gene expression is influenced by cell type. Biotechniques. 18:196-200.

Gossen, M, Bujard, H. Tight control of gene expression in mammalian cells by tetetracycline-responsive promoters. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 89:5547-5551.

Gossen, M, Freundlieb, S, Bender, G, Muller, G, Hillen, W, Bujard, H. 1995. Transcriptional activation by tetracyclines in mammalian cells. Science, 268:1766-1769.

Deuschle, U, Meyer, WK, Thiesen, HJ. 1995. Tetracycline-reversible silencing of eukaryotic promoters. Mol. Cell. Biol. 15:1907-1914.

Hofmann, A, Nolan, GP, Blau, HM. 1996. Rapid retroviral delivery of tetracycline-inducible genes in a single autoregulatory cassette. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 93:5185-5190.

Mifepristone (RU486) Regulated Transgene Expression

Wang, Y, Xu, J, Pierson, T, O'Malley, BW, Tsai, SY. 1997. Positive and negative regulation of gene expression in eukaryotic cells with an inducible transcriptional regulator. Gene Ther. 4:432-441.

Wang Y, DeMayo FJ, Tsai SY, O'Malley BW. 1997. Ligand-inducible and liver-specific target gene expression in transgenic mice. Nat. Biotechnol. 15:239-243.

Wang Y, O'Malley BW, Tsai SY. 1997. Inducible system designed for future gene therapy. Methods Mol. Biol. 63:401-413.

Wang Y, O'Malley BW Jr, Tsai SY, O'Malley BW. 1994. A regulatory system for use in gene transfer. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U S A 91:8180-8184.

Cre-loxP Mediated Gene Manipulation
Methodology
Andras Nagy's Website Cre Transgenic Database
NIH Mammary Gland Biology Website
in vivo Applications

Methodology
Retrieve Abstracts

Transient Cre Expression
Araki, K, Araki, M, Miyazaki, J, Vassalli, P. 1995. Site-specific recombination of a transgene in fertilized eggs by transient expression of Crerecombinase. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 92:160-164.

de Wit T, Drabek D, Grosveld F. 1998. Microinjection of crerecombinase RNA induces site-specific recombination of a transgene in mouse oocytes. Nucleic Acids Res. 26:676-678.

Kaartinen V, Nagy A. 2001. Removal of the floxed neo gene from a conditional knockout allele by the adenoviral Crerecombinase in vivo. Genesis. 31:126-129.

Lauth M, Moerl K, Barski JJ, Meyer M. 2000. Characterization of Cre-mediated cassette exchange after plasmid microinjection in fertilized mouse oocytes. Genesis. 27:153-8.

Peitz M, Pfannkuche K, Rajewsky K, Edenhofer F. 2002. Ability of the hydrophobic FGF and basic TAT peptides to promote cellular uptake of recombinant Crerecombinase: a tool for efficient genetic engineering of mammalian genomes. ProcNatlAcadSci U S A. 299:4489-4494.

Sato M, Yasuoka Y, Kodama H, Watanabe T, Miyazaki JI, Kimura M. 2000. New approach to cell lineage analysis in mammals using the Cre-loxP system. MolReprod Dev. 56:34-44.

Stecca B, Southwood CM, Gragerov A, Kelley KA, Friedrich VL Jr, Gow A. 2000. The evolution of lipophilin genes from invertebrates to tetrapods: DM-20 cannot replace proteolipid protein in CNS myelin. J Neurosci. 20:4002-4010.

Sunaga S, Maki K, Komagata Y, Ikuta K, Miyazaki JI. 1997. Efficient removal of loxP-flanked DNA sequences in a gene-targeted locus by transient expression of Crerecombinase in fertilized eggs. Mol. Reprod. Dev. 46:109-113.

Xu X, Li C, Garrett-Beal L, Larson D, Wynshaw-Boris A, Deng CX. 2001. Direct removal in the mouse of a floxed neo gene from a three-loxP conditional knockout allele by two novel approaches. Genesis. 30:1-6.

Proof of Principle
Kuhn, R, Schwenk, F, Aguet, M, Rajewsky, K. 1995 . Inducible gene targeting in mice. Science 269:1427-1429.

Lasko, M, Pichel, JG, Gorman, JR, Sauer, B, Okamoto, Y, Lee, E, Alt, FW, Westphal, H. 1996. Efficient in vivo manipulation of mouse genomic sequences at the zygote stage. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 93:5860-5865.

Orban, PC, Chui, D, Marth, JD. 1992. Tissue- and site-specific DNA recombination in transgenic mice. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 89:6861-6865.

Sauer B. 1993. Manipulation of transgenes by site-specific recombination: use of Crerecombinase Methods Enzymol. 225:890-900.

Schwenk, F, Baron, U, Rajewsky, K. 1995. A cre-transgenic mouse strain for the ubiquitous deletion of loxP-flanked gene segments including deletion in germ cells. Nucl. Acids Res. 23:5080-5081.

Sunaga, S, Maki, K, Komagata, Y, Ikuta, K, Miyazaki, JI. 1997. Efficient removal of loxP-flanked DNA sequences in a gene-targeted locus by transient expression of Crerecombinase in fertilized eggs. Mol. Reprod. Dev. 46:109-113.

in vivo Applications
Retrieve Abstracts

Betz, UA, Vosshenrich, CA, Rajewsky, K, Muller, W. 1996. Bypass of lethality with mosaic mice generated by Cre-loxP-mediated recombination. Curr. Biol. 6:1307-1316.

Brooks, AI, Muhkerjee, B, Panahian, N, Cory-Slechta, D, Federoff, HJ.1997. Nerve growth factor somatic mosaicism produced by herpes virus-directed expression of crerecombinase. Nat. Biotechnol. 15:57-62.

Feil, R, Brocard, J, Mascrez, B, LeMeur, M, Metzger, D, Chambon, P. 1996. Ligand-activated site-specific recombination in mice. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 93:10887-10890.

Gu, H, Marth, JD, Orban, PC, Mossmann, H, Rajewsky, K. 1994. Deletion of a DNA polymerase beta gene segment in T cells using cell type-specific gene targeting. Science. 265:103-106.

Hennet ,T, Hagen, FK, Tabak, LA, Marth, JD. 1995. T-cell-specific deletion of a polypeptide N-acetylgalactosaminyl-transferase gene by site-directed recombination. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 92 :12070-12074

Kitamoto, T, Nakamura, K, Nakao, K, Shibuya, S, Shin, RW, Gondo, Y, Katsuki, M, Tateishi, J. 1996.Humanized prion protein knock-in by Cre-induced site-specific recombination in the mouse. BiochemBiophys. Res. Comm. 222:742-747.

Lakso, M, Sauer, B, Mosinger B Jr, Lee, EJ, Manning, RW, Yu, SH, Mulder, KL, Westphal, H. 1992. Targeted oncogene activation by site-specific recombination in transgenic mice. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 89:6232-6236.

Lewandosk,i M, Wassarman KM, Martin, GR. 1997. Zp3-cre, a transgenic mouse line for the activation or inactivation of loxP-flanked target genes specifically in the female germ line. Curr. Biol. 7:148-151.

Pichel, JG, Lakso, M, Westphal, H. 1993. Timing of SV40 oncogene activation by site-specific recombination determines subsequent tumor progression during murine lens development. Oncogene. 8:3333-8342.

St-Onge, L, Furth, PA, Gruss, P. 1996. Temporal control of the Crerecombinase in transgenic mice by a tetracycline responsive promoter. Nucl. Acids Res. 24:3875-3877.

Tsien, JZ, Chen, DF, Gerber, D, Tom, C, Mercer, EH, Anderson, DJ, Mayford, M, Kandel, ER, Tonegawa, S.1996. Subregion- and cell type-restricted gene knockout in mouse brain. Cell 87:1317-1326.

Wang, Y, Krushel, LA, Edelman, GM. 1996. Targeted DNA recombination in vivo using an adenovirus carrying the crerecombinase gene. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 3:3932-3936.

Zhang Y, Riesterer C, Ayrall AM, Sablitzky F, Littlewood TD, Reth M. 1996. Inducible site-directed recombination in mouse embryonic stem cells. Nucl. Acids Res. 24:543-548.

P1 Genomic Clones and Transgenic Mice
Retrieve Abstracts

Callow MJ, Stoltzfus LJ, Lawn RM, Rubin EM. 1994. Expression of human apolipoprotein B and assembly of lipoprotein(a) in transgenic mice. Proc. Natl. Acad .Sci. U.S.A. 91:2130-2134.

Linton, MF, Farese, RV Jr, Chiesa, G, Grass, DS, Chin, P, Hammer, RE, Hobbs, HH, Young, SG. 1993. Transgenic mice expressing high plasma concentrations of human apolipoprotein B100 and lipoprotein(a). J. Clin. Invest. 92:3029-3037.

Liu, C, Yu K, Shen, K, Liu Z, Noguchi, CT. 1996. Transgenic mice containing the human erythropoietin receptor gene exhibit correct hematopoietic and neural expression. ProcAssoc Am Physicians 108:449-454.

McCormick, SP, Linton, MF, Young, SG. 1994. Expression of P1 DNA in mammalian cells and transgenic mice. Genet Anal Tech Appl 11:158-164

McCormick, SP, Ng, JK, Veniant, M, Boren, J, Pierotti, V, Flynn, LM, Grass, DS, Connolly, A, Young, SG. 1996. Transgenic mice that overexpress mouse apolipoprotein B. Evidence that the DNA sequences controlling intestinal expression of the apolipoprotein B gene are distant from the structural gene. Biol. Chem. 271:11963-11970.

Smith DJ, Zhu Y, Zhang J, Cheng JF, Rubin EM. 1995. Construction of a panel of transgenic mice containing a contiguous 2-Mb set of YAC/P1 clones from human chromosome 21q22.2. Genomics 27:425-434.

Wagner, SD, Gross, G, Cook, GP, Davies, SL, Neuberger, MS. 1996. Antibody expression from the core region of the human IgH locus reconstructed in transgenic mice using bacteriophage P1 clones. Genomics 35:405-414.

BAC Transgenic Mice
Van Keuren ML, Gavrilina GB, Filipiak WE, Zeidler MG, Saunders TL.2009. Generating transgenic mice from bacterial artificial chromosomes: transgenesis efficiency, integration and expression outcomes. Transgenic Res. 18:769-785.

Retrieve Abstracts

Retrofitting of PACs and BACs

Antoch, MP, Song, EJ, Chang, AM, Vitaterna, MH, Zhao, Y, Wilsbacher, LD, Sangoram, AM, King, DP, Pinto, LH, Takahashi, JS. 1997. Functional identification of the mouse circadian Clock gene by transgenic BAC rescue. Cell 89:655-667.

Chrast R, Scott HS, Antonarakis SE Linearization and purification of BAC DNA for the development of transgenic mice. Transgenic Res 1999 Apr;8(2):147-50. (Note that the methods in this paper are more time-intensive that those described on this website.)

Kim, S, Horrigan, S, Altenhofen, J, Arbieva, Z, Hoffman, R, Westbrook, C. 1998. Modification of bacterial artificial chromosome clones using Crerecombinase: Introduction of selectable markers for expression in eukaryotic cells. Genome Research 8:404-412.

Kim, UJ, Birren, BW, Slepak, T, Mancino, V, Boysen, C, Kang, HL, Simon, MI, Shizuya, H. 1996. Construction and characterization of a human bacterial artificial chromosome library. Genomics 34:213-218.

Lee JT, Lu N, Han Y . Genetic analysis of the mouse X inactivation center defines an 80-kb multifunction domain. ProcNatlAcadSci U S A 1999 Mar 30;96(7):3836-41

Mullins, LJ, Kotelevtseva, N, Boyd, AC, Mullins, JJ. 1997. Efficient Cre-lox linearisation of BACs: applications to physical mapping and generation of transgenic animals. Nucleic Acids Res. 25:2539-2540.

Nielsen, LB, McCormick, SP, Pierotti, V, Tam, C, Gunn, MD, Shizuya, H, Young, SG. 1997. Human apolipoprotein B transgenic mice generated with 207- and 145-kilobase pair bacterial artificial chromosomes. Evidence that a distant 5'-element confers appropriate transgene expression in the intestine. J. Biol. Chem. 272:29752-29758.

Nielsen LB, McCormick SP, Young SG A new approach for studying gene regulation by distant DNA elements in transgenic mice. Scand J Clin Lab Invest Suppl 1999;229:33-9

Probst, FJ, Fridell, RA, Raphael, Y, Saunders, TL,Wang, A,Liang, Y, Morell, RJ, Touchman, JW, Lyons, RH, Noben-Trauth, K, Friedman, TB, Sally A. Camper, SA. 1998. Correction of Deafness in shaker-2 Mice by an Unconventional Myosin in a BAC Transgene. Science. 280:1447 - 1451.

Xu, J, Yang, D, Domingo, J, Ni, J, Huang, N. 1998. Screening for overlapping bacterial artificial chromosome clones by PCR analysis with an arbitrary primer. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 95: 5661-5666.

Yang XW, Model P, Heintz N. 1997. Homologous recombination based modification in Escherichia coli and germline transmission in transgenic mice of a bacterial artificial chromosome. Nat. Biotechnol. 15:859-865.

Yang XW, Wynder C, Doughty ML, Heintz N BAC-mediated gene-dosage analysis reveals a role for Zipro1 (Ru49/Zfp38) in progenitor cell proliferation in cerebellum and skin. Nat Genet 1999 Aug;22(4):327-35

Yu W, Misulovin Z, Suh H, Hardy RR, Jankovic M, Yannoutsos N, Nussenzweig MC. Coordinate regulation of RAG1 and RAG2 by cell type-specific DNA elements 5' of RAG2. Science 1999 Aug 13;285(5430):1080-4.

Genomic Sequence Comparisons to Identify Gene Regulatory Elements
Retrieve Abstracts

Vista Genome Browser Software for Making Cross Species Genome Comparisons.

Loots GG, Locksley RM, Blankespoor CM, Wang ZE, Miller W, Rubin EM, Frazer KA. 2000. Identification of a coordinate regulator of interleukins 4, 13, and 5 by cross-species sequence comparisons. Science.288:136-40.

Dubchak I, Brudno M, Loots GG, Pachter L, Mayor C, Rubin EM, Frazer KA. 2000. Active conservation of noncoding sequences revealed by three-way species comparisons. Genome Res. 10:1304-6.

Touchman JW, Dehejia A, Chiba-Falek O, Cabin DE, Schwartz JR, Orrison BM, Polymeropoulos MH, Nussbaum RL.2001. Human and mouse alpha-synuclein genes: comparative genomic sequence analysis and identification of a novel gene regulatory element. Genome Res. 11:78-86.

Jareborg N, Durbin R. Alfresco--a workbench for comparative genomic sequence analysis. 2001. Genome Res. 10:1148-57.

Jareborg N, Birney E, Durbin R. 1999. Comparative analysis of noncoding regions of 77 orthologous mouse and human gene pairs. Genome Res. 9:815-24.

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