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Literature Cited:

[1] Roberts DF, Foehr UG, Rideout V.  Generation M:  media in the lives of 8-18 year-olds.  Kaiser Family Foundation.  March 2005.

[2] Roberts, Foehr, Rideout, 2005.

[3] Roberts, Foehr, Rideout, 2005.

[4] Roberts, Foehr, Rideout, 2005.

[5] Roberts, Foehr, Rideout, 2005.

[6] Bickham DS, Rich M. Is television viewing associated with social isolation? Roles of exposure time, viewing context, and violent content. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2006 Apr;160(4):387-92.

[7] Vandewater EA, Bickham DS, Lee JH. Time well spent? Relating television use to children's free-time activities.  Pediatrics. 2006 Feb;117(2):e181-91. Available at:  http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/cgi/content/full/117/2/e181

[8] Vandewater, Bickham, Lee, 2006.

[9] American Academy of Pediatrics.  Television—what children see and learn.  Available at:  http://www.aap.org/pubed/ZZZNKWJGQ2D.htm?&sub_cat=1.  Accessed 3 April 2006.

[10] Strasburger VC. Alcohol advertising and adolescents.  Pediatr Clin North Am. 2002 Apr;49(2):353-76, vii.

[11] Zimmerman FJ, Christakis DA. Children's television viewing and cognitive outcomes: a longitudinal analysis of national data. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2005 Jul;159(7):619-25.

[12] American Academy of Pediatrics.  Television and the Family.  Accessed June 8, 2006.  Available at:  http://www.aap.org/family/tv1.htm.

[13] Vandewater, EA., et al. When the Television Is Always On: Heavy Television Exposure and Young Children's Development. American Behavioral Scientist. 2005 Jan 01;48(5):562-577.

[14] American Academy of Pediatrics, Committee on Public Education. Media violence. Pediatrics. 2001 Nov;108(5):1222-6.

[15] Senate Committee on the Judiciary.  Children, violence, and the media: a report for parents and policy makers. September 14, 1999.  Accessed 14 June 2006. Available at:  http://judiciary.senate.gov/oldsite/mediavio.htm.

[16] Federman J, ed. National Television Violence Study. Vol 3. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage; 1998

[17] Federman, 1998.

[18] Federman, 1998.

[19] Yokota F, Thompson KM. Violence in G-rated animated films.  JAMA. 2000 May 24-31;283(20):2716-20.

[20] American Academy of Pediatrics, Committee on Public Education. Media violence.  Pediatrics. 2001 Nov;108(5):1222-6.

[21] Huesmann LR, Moise-Titus J, Podolski CL, Eron LD. Longitudinal relations between children's exposure to TV violence and their aggressive and violent behavior in young adulthood: 1977-1992. Dev Psychol. 2003 Mar;39(2):201-21.

[22] Johnson JG, Cohen P, Smailes EM, Kasen S, Brook JS. Television viewing and aggressive behavior during adolescence and adulthood.  Science. 2002 Mar 29;295(5564):2468-71.

[23] Canto J. Mommy, I'm Scared: How TV and Movies Frighten Children and What We Can Do to Protect Them. San Diego: Harcourt Brace;1998.

[24] Hancox RJ, Milne BJ, Poulton R. Association of television viewing during childhood with poor educational achievement. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2005 Jul;159(7):614-8.

[25] Zimmerman FJ, Glew GM, Christakis DA, Katon W. Early cognitive stimulation, emotional support, and television watching as predictors of subsequent bullying among grade-school children. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2005 Apr;159(4):384-8.

[26] Mok TA. Getting the message: media images and stereotypes and their effect on Asian Americans. Cult Divers Ment Health. 1998;4(3):185-202.

[27] Fouts GT, Burggraf KK. Television situation comedies: Female weight, male negative comments, and audience reactions. Sex Roles.  2000 May;42(9/10):925-32.

[28] Coltrane S, Messineo M. The perpetuation of subtle prejudice: race and gender imagery in 1990s television advertising.  Sex Roles.  2000 Mar;42(5/6):363-89.

[29] Bartsch RA, Burnett T, Diller TR, Rankin-Williams E.  Gender representation in television commercials: updating an update.  Sex Roles. 2000 Nov;43( 9/10);735-43.

[30] Kelly J, Smith, SL.  G movies give boys a D: portraying males as dominant, disconnected and dangerous.  See Jane Program at Dads and Daughters.  May 2006.

[31] Kelly, Smith, 2006. 

[32] Rich M, Woods ER, Goodman E, Emans SJ, DuRant RH. Aggressors or victims: gender and race in music video violence. Pediatrics. 1998 Apr;101(4 Pt 1):669-74.

[33] Children Now.  The local television news media' s picture of children.  October 2001.

[34] Lumeng JC, Rahnama S, Appugliese D, Kaciroti N, Bradley RH. Television exposure and overweight risk in preschoolers. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2006 Apr;160(4):417-22.

[35] Viner RM, Cole TJ. Television viewing in early childhood predicts adult body mass index. J Pediatr. 2005 Oct;147(4):429-35.

[36] Jago R, Baranowski T, Baranowski JC, Thompson D, Greaves KA. BMI from 3-6 y of age is predicted by TV viewing and physical activity, not diet.  Int J Obes (Lond). 2005 Jun;29(6):557-64.

[37] Klesges RC, Shelton ML, Klesges LM. Effects of television on metabolic rate: potential implications for childhood obesity. Pediatrics. 1993 Feb;91(2):281-6.

[38] McGinnis JM, Gootman JA, Kraak VI, eds.  Food marketing to children and youth:  threat or opportunity?  Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press; 2006.

[39] Caballero B. Obesity prevention in children: opportunities and challenges. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 2004 Nov;28 Suppl 3:S90-5.

[40] Hancox RJ, Milne BJ, Poulton R.  Association between child and adolescent television viewing and adult health: a longitudinal birth cohort study.  Lancet 2004; 364:257-262.

[41] Tamburro RF, Gordon PL, D'Apolito JP, Howard SC. Unsafe and violent behavior in commercials aired during televised major sporting events. Pediatrics. 2004 Dec;114(6):e694-8.

[42] Thompson DA, Christakis DA. The association between television viewing and irregular sleep schedules among children less than 3 years of age. Pediatrics. 2005 Oct;116(4):851-6.

[43] Johnson JG, Cohen P, Kasen S, First MB, Brook JS. Association between television viewing and sleep problems during adolescence and early adulthood.  Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2004 Jun;158(6):562-8.

[44] Robinson TN, Chen HL, Killen JD. Television and music video exposure and risk of adolescent alcohol use. Pediatrics. 1998 Nov;102(5):E54.

[45] Snyder LB, Milici FF, Slater M, Sun H, Strizhakova Y. Effects of alcohol advertising exposure on drinking among youth. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2006 Jan;160(1):18-24.

[46] Center on Alcohol Marketing and Youth.  Alcohol advertising on television, 2001 to 2003:  more of the same.  Executive Summary.  Available at:  http://camy.org/research/tv1004/report.pdf.  Accessed 25 June 2006.

[47] Mekemson C, Glantz SA. How the tobacco industry built its relationship with Hollywood.  Tob Control. 2002 Mar;11 Suppl 1:I81-91.

[48] Cummings KM, Morley CP, Horan JK, Steger C, Leavell NR. Marketing to America's youth: evidence from corporate documents. Tob Control. 2002 Mar;11 Suppl 1:I5-17.

[49] Gutschoven K, Van den Bulck J. Television viewing and age at smoking initiation: does a relationship exist between higher levels of television viewing and earlier onset of smoking?  Nicotine Tob Res. 2005 Jun;7(3):381-5.

[50] Kunkel D, Eyal K, Finnerty K, Biely E, Donnerstein E.  Sex on TV.   Kaiser Family Foundation.  November 2005. 

[51] Collins RL, Elliott MN, Berry SH, Kanouse DE, Kunkel D, Hunter SB, Miu A. Watching sex on television predicts adolescent initiation of sexual behavior. Pediatrics. 2004 Sep;114(3):e280-9.



Written and compiled by Kyla Boyse, R.N.  Reviewed by faculty and staff at the University of Michigan

Updated June 2007

 

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The information and links we provide are reviewed by University of Michigan developmental and behavioral pediatricians and child psychologists who are experts in child behavioral health. In choosing the links we provide, we use strict criteria to ensure that the information is accurate, and the source is reputable. As much as possible, we focus on information that is based on research. In areas where there is inadequate research, we include information compatible with prevailing expert opinion.

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