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Citations:

[1] Rivara FP, Bergman AB, Drake C. Parental attitudes and practices toward children as pedestrians. Pediatrics.  1989 Dec;84(6):1017-21. 

[2] Dunne RG, Asher KN, Rivara FP. Behavior and parental expectations of child pedestrians. Pediatrics.  1992 Mar;89(3):486-90. 

[3] ] Agran PF, Winn DG, Anderson CL. Differences in child pedestrian injury events by location. Pediatrics. 1994 Feb;93(2):284-8.

[4] Ehrlich PF, Helmkamp JC, Williams JM, Haque A, Furbee PM. Matched analysis of parent's and children's attitudes and practices towards motor vehicle and bicycle safety: an important information gap. Inj Control Saf Promot. 2004 Mar;11(1):23-8.

[5] Thompson RS, Rivara FP, Thompson DC A case control study of the effectiveness of bicycle safety helmets. N Engl J Med 1989; 320:1361-1367

[6] Thompson DC, Rivara FP, Thompson RS Effectiveness of bicycle safety helmets in preventing head injuries. A case-control study. JAMA 1996; 276:1968-1973

[7] Thompson DC, Nunn ME, Thompson RS, Rivara FP Effectiveness of bicycle safety helmets in preventing serious facial injury. JAMA 1996; 276:1974-1975

[8] Rivara FP, Astley SJ, Clarren SK, Thompson DC, Thompson RS. Fit of bicycle safety helmets and risk of head injuries in children. Inj Prev.  1999 Sep;5(3):194-7. 

[9] American Academy of Pediatrics. Bicycle helmets.  Committee on Injury and Poison Prevention.  Pediatrics. 2001 Oct;108(4):1030-2. 

[10] Forjuoh SN, Fiesinger T, Schuchmann JA, Mason S. Helmet use: a survey of 4 common childhood leisure activities. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2002 Jul;156(7):656-61.

[11] US Consumer Product Safety Commission.  Motorized scooter use increases and injuries climb.  Available at URL:   http://www.cpsc.gov/CPSCPUB/PREREL/prhtml01/01222.html.  Accessed 19 June 2006.

[12] Powell EC, Tanz RR. Tykes and bikes: injuries associated with bicycle-towed child trailers and
bicycle-mounted child seats.  Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2000 Apr;154(4):351-3. 

[13] Tanz RR, Christoffel KK. Tykes on bikes: injuries associated with bicycle-mounted child seats.  Pediatr Emerg Care. 1991 Oct;7(5):297-301.

[14] Sargent JD, Peck MG, Weitzman M.  Bicycle-mounted child seats. Injury risk and prevention.  Am J Dis Child. 1988 Jul;142(7):765-7.

[15] US Consumer Product Safety Commission.  Shopping cart injuries: victims five years old and younger.  Available at URL:  http://www.cpsc.gov/LIBRARY/shopcart.html.  Accessed 19 June 2006.

[16] American Academy of Pediatrics.  Car safety seats: a guide for families, 2006.  Available at URL: http://www.aap.org/family/carseatguide.htm.   Accessed 19 June 2006.



Written and compiled by Kyla Boyse, R.N.  Reviewed by faculty and staff at the University of Michigan

Updated February 2007

U-M Health System Related Sites:
U-M Pediatrics

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The information and links we provide are reviewed by University of Michigan developmental and behavioral pediatricians and child psychologists who are experts in child behavioral health. In choosing the links we provide, we use strict criteria to ensure that the information is accurate, and the source is reputable. As much as possible, we focus on information that is based on research. In areas where there is inadequate research, we include information compatible with prevailing expert opinion.

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