Literature Cited:

[1] Quinn M Carraccio C. Sacchetti A. Pain, punctures, and pediatricians. Pediatric Emergency Care 9(1):12-4, 1993 February.

[2] Holdsworth MT. Raisch DW. Winter SS. Frost JD. Moro MA. Doran NH Phillips J. Pankey JM. Mathew P. Pain and distress from bone marrow aspirations and lumbar punctures. Annals of Pharmacotherapy 37(1):17-22, 2003 January.

[3] Kolk AM. van Hoof R Fiedeldij Dop MJ. Preparing children for venepuncture. The effect of an integrated intervention on distress before and during venepuncture. Child: Care, Health & Development 26(3):251-60, 2000 May.

[4] Kain ZN, Caldwell-Andrews AA, Maranets I, McClain B, Gaal D, Mayes LC, Feng R, Zhang H. Preoperative anxiety and emergence delirium and postoperative maladaptive behaviors. Anesth Analg. 2004 Dec;99(6):1648-54.

[5] Zeltzer LK. Altman A Cohen D. LeBaron S. Munuksela EL. Schechter NL. American Academy of Pediatrics Report of the Subcommittee on the Management of Pain Associated with Procedures in Children with Cancer. Pediatrics 86(5Pt2):826-31, 1990 November.

[6] French GM. Painter EC. Coury DL. Blowing away shot pain: a technique for pain management during immunization. Pediatrics 93(3):384-8, 1994 March.

[7] Cassidy KL, Reid GJ, McGrath PJ, Smith DJ, Brown TL, Finley GA. A randomized double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of the EMLA patch for the reduction of pain associated with intramuscular injection in four to six-year-old children. Acta Paediatr. 90(11):1329-36, 2001 November.

Written and compiled by Kyla Boyse, R.N.  Reviewed by faculty and staff at the University of Michigan

January 2007

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