Concussion

What is a concussion?

A concussion is an injury to the brain caused by a blow to the head. A concussion may cause you to become temporarily confused or disoriented, have memory loss (amnesia), or become unconscious.

How does it occur?

A concussion occurs when a blow to the head causes shaking, jarring, stretching, swelling, or tearing of brain tissue and delicate nerve fibers.

What are the symptoms?

If you have had a concussion you may have any of the following symptoms:

• headache
• confusion
• memory loss (amnesia)
• loss of consciousness
• sleepiness
• nausea or vomiting
• trouble concentrating
• dizziness
• weakness
• seizures
• loss of balance

You may have these symptoms, called post-concussive syndrome, for several days, weeks, or longer after the injury.

How is it diagnosed?

Your healthcare provider will examine you and find out what happened. If you can't remember what happened, he or she may need to get this information from other people saw the accident. Your healthcare provider will do a neurologic examination, testing your strength, sensation, balance, reflexes, and memory. He or she will also look at your eyes with a flashlight to see if your pupils are the same size. You may be tested again several times during the next hour to detect any worsening of brain function, which might occur if you have any bleeding or swelling in the brain.

Your provider may do a special X-ray called a computed tomography (CT) scan or a magnetic resonance image (MRI) of your head to be sure there is no damage to your brain. Depending on how your head injury occurred, you may have neck X-rays to check your spine.

How is it treated?

The treatment for a concussion is REST. This means you may need to miss classes and assignments if you are a student, or work if you have a job. Exercising too soon will make your symptoms last longer and may cause more problems.

Headache may be treated with a mild pain reliever, such as acetaminophen. Nausea may be treated with a prescription medicine.

If you have had a concussion, you need to be watched by a friend or relative for 8 to 12 hours. You should be awakened and checked every 2 to 4 hours while sleeping. Symptoms to report to your healthcare provider include:

• confusion
• seizures
• unequal pupil sizes
• restlessness or irritability
• trouble using your legs or arms
• worsening vomiting
• headache that will not go away after being treated with acetaminophen (Tylenol)
• garbled speech
• bleeding from the ears or nose
• decreasing alertness
• unusual sleepiness
• unusual behavior

If you are stable and recovering during the next 24 hours, you should rest for an additional day or two. As your symptoms go away, you can begin to go back to your usual daily routine. However, you should stay away from any activities that would risk reinjury. A second concussion before the first one has healed could be very serious. Your healthcare provider will tell you when it is safe to return to sports and other activities.

How can I prevent a concussion?

Using proper equipment (such as helmets and seat belts) and following proper techniques in sports such as football and soccer are the best ways to prevent concussions. When accidents do happen, however, concussions can be severe. It is especially important to understand that receiving a second blow to the head before the first injury is fully healed can be fatal, even if the second injury seems minor.